{
  "schema": "omnisaura.snapshot/v3",
  "uid": "omnisaura:profile:torvosaurus",
  "genus": "Torvosaurus",
  "data_as_of": "2026-10-10",
  "raw_run": "2026-10-10",
  "profile": {
    "name": {
      "value": "Torvosaurus",
      "rule": "PBDB leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "authority": {
      "value": "Galton and Jensen 1979",
      "rule": "PBDB leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "type_species": {
      "value": "Torvosaurus tanneri",
      "rule": "PBDB leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "order": {
      "value": "Saurischia",
      "rule": "Gap filled from NHM",
      "rule_id": "merge:gap_fill_nhm",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "nhm",
          "license": "CC0-1.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "family": {
      "value": "Megalosauridae",
      "rule": "PBDB leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        },
        {
          "source": "nhm",
          "license": "CC0-1.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "parent_name": {
      "value": "Megalosaurinae",
      "rule": "PBDB leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "headline": {
      "value": [
        165.3,
        143.1,
        "Callovian",
        "Tithonian"
      ],
      "rule": "PBDB leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "evidence": {
      "value": [
        161.5,
        143.1
      ],
      "rule": "Omnisaura synthesis: span of confirmed PBDB records",
      "rule_id": "merge:omnisaura_synthesis_confirmed_occurrences",
      "synthesis": true,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "countries": {
      "value": [
        "DE",
        "PT",
        "TZ",
        "US",
        "UY"
      ],
      "rule": "Union of all sources (ISO 3166)",
      "rule_id": "merge:union_iso3166",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        },
        {
          "source": "nhm",
          "license": "CC0-1.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "formations": {
      "value": [
        "Lourinhã",
        "Morrison Formation",
        "Ornatenton",
        "Tacuarembó",
        "Tendaguru Formation"
      ],
      "rule": "Canonical names, automatic and editor-approved matches applied",
      "rule_id": "merge:canonical_formations",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        },
        {
          "source": "nhm",
          "license": "CC0-1.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "diet": {
      "value": "carnivore",
      "rule": "PBDB, inferred from a group the genus belongs to",
      "rule_id": "merge:inferred_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "life_habit": {
      "value": "ground dwelling, solitary",
      "rule": "PBDB, inferred from a group the genus belongs to",
      "rule_id": "merge:inferred_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "common_names": {
      "value": null,
      "rule": null,
      "rule_id": null,
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": []
    },
    "named_after": {
      "value": null,
      "rule": null,
      "rule_id": null,
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": []
    }
  },
  "confidence": {
    "name": {
      "level": "high",
      "basis": "corroborated",
      "reasons": [
        "PBDB and Wikidata identify the same genus."
      ]
    },
    "authority": {
      "level": "high",
      "basis": "corroborated",
      "reasons": [
        "PBDB and Wikidata agree."
      ]
    },
    "type_species": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "single_source",
      "reasons": [
        "Only PBDB gives this; nothing contradicts it."
      ],
      "source": "PBDB"
    },
    "parent_name": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "single_source",
      "reasons": [
        "Only PBDB gives this; nothing contradicts it."
      ],
      "source": "PBDB"
    },
    "family": {
      "level": "high",
      "basis": "corroborated",
      "reasons": [
        "PBDB and NHM agree."
      ]
    },
    "order": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "single_source",
      "reasons": [
        "Only NHM gives this; nothing contradicts it."
      ],
      "source": "NHM"
    },
    "headline": {
      "level": "high",
      "basis": "corroborated",
      "reasons": [
        "PBDB and NHM agree."
      ]
    },
    "evidence": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "reasons": [
        "Omnisaura's calculation from 18 confirmed PBDB records.",
        "1 record(s) identified only to genus, dated well outside the species-level records, were set aside as doubtful."
      ]
    },
    "diet": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "single_source",
      "reasons": [
        "Only PBDB gives this, and it infers it for the whole of Theropoda, the group this genus belongs to, not from this genus's own fossils."
      ],
      "source": "PBDB"
    },
    "life_habit": {
      "level": "low",
      "basis": "thin",
      "reasons": [
        "PBDB infers this way of life for the whole of Theropoda; behaviour is rarely known for one genus."
      ]
    },
    "countries": {
      "level": "mixed",
      "basis": "items",
      "reasons": [
        "Entries differ; see each entry."
      ],
      "items": [
        {
          "value": "DE",
          "level": "low",
          "basis": "thin",
          "reasons": [
            "Only one PBDB record."
          ]
        },
        {
          "value": "PT",
          "level": "medium",
          "basis": "single_source",
          "reasons": [
            "Only PBDB records it (5 records)."
          ],
          "source": "PBDB"
        },
        {
          "value": "TZ",
          "level": "low",
          "basis": "thin",
          "reasons": [
            "Only one PBDB record."
          ]
        },
        {
          "value": "US",
          "level": "high",
          "basis": "corroborated",
          "reasons": [
            "NHM and PBDB both record it."
          ]
        },
        {
          "value": "UY",
          "level": "medium",
          "basis": "single_source",
          "reasons": [
            "Only PBDB records it (3 records)."
          ],
          "source": "PBDB"
        }
      ]
    },
    "formations": {
      "level": "mixed",
      "basis": "items",
      "reasons": [
        "Entries differ; see each entry."
      ],
      "items": [
        {
          "value": "Lourinhã",
          "level": "medium",
          "basis": "single_source",
          "reasons": [
            "Only PBDB records it (5 records)."
          ],
          "source": "PBDB"
        },
        {
          "value": "Morrison Formation",
          "level": "high",
          "basis": "corroborated",
          "reasons": [
            "NHM and PBDB both record it."
          ]
        },
        {
          "value": "Ornatenton",
          "level": "low",
          "basis": "thin",
          "reasons": [
            "Only one PBDB record."
          ]
        },
        {
          "value": "Tacuarembó",
          "level": "medium",
          "basis": "single_source",
          "reasons": [
            "Only PBDB records it (3 records)."
          ],
          "source": "PBDB"
        },
        {
          "value": "Tendaguru Formation",
          "level": "low",
          "basis": "thin",
          "reasons": [
            "Only one PBDB record."
          ]
        }
      ]
    }
  },
  "gaps": {
    "missing": [
      {
        "field": "common_names",
        "label": "Common names",
        "note": "No source we use gives this yet."
      },
      {
        "field": "named_after",
        "label": "Named after",
        "note": "No source we use gives this yet."
      }
    ],
    "single_source": [
      {
        "field": "type_species",
        "label": "Type species",
        "source": "PBDB"
      },
      {
        "field": "parent_name",
        "label": "Parent group",
        "source": "PBDB"
      },
      {
        "field": "order",
        "label": "Order",
        "source": "NHM"
      },
      {
        "field": "diet",
        "label": "Diet",
        "source": "PBDB"
      }
    ],
    "disputed": [],
    "withheld": [
      {
        "records": "occurrences",
        "status": "tentative",
        "count": 9,
        "reason": "PBDB fossil records identified only tentatively (for example 'cf.', '?', or the genus name in quotation marks, PBDB's mark for a loose use)"
      }
    ]
  },
  "assessment": {
    "levels": {
      "high": "Two independent sources agree, or an editor has ruled.",
      "medium": "One source; nothing contradicts it.",
      "low": "Sources disagree and no editor has ruled yet, or too few records."
    },
    "by": "Omnisaura",
    "license_id": "OMNISAURA-EDITORIAL"
  },
  "formation_matches": [
    {
      "name": "Morrison",
      "same_as": "Morrison Formation",
      "status": "automatic",
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "name": "Tendaguru",
      "same_as": "Tendaguru Formation",
      "status": "automatic",
      "ruling": null
    }
  ],
  "credits": {
    "genus": "Torvosaurus",
    "scope": "confirmed matches only",
    "data_sources": [
      {
        "values": 2191,
        "retrieved": [
          "2026-10-04",
          "2026-10-05",
          "2026-10-10",
          "2026-10-11"
        ],
        "source": "pbdb",
        "license_id": "CC-BY-4.0",
        "license_name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "requires_attribution": true,
        "attribution": "Data from the Paleobiology Database (https://paleobiodb.org), licensed CC BY 4.0.",
        "source_name": "Paleobiology Database",
        "homepage": "https://paleobiodb.org"
      },
      {
        "values": 68,
        "retrieved": [
          "2026-10-04",
          "2026-10-10"
        ],
        "source": "nhm",
        "license_id": "CC0-1.0",
        "license_name": "Creative Commons Zero 1.0 (public domain dedication)",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
        "requires_attribution": false,
        "attribution": "Natural History Museum (London) Data Portal, Collection specimens dataset, https://doi.org/10.5519/0002965. Image licenses vary per record.",
        "source_name": "Natural History Museum Data Portal",
        "homepage": "https://data.nhm.ac.uk"
      },
      {
        "values": 25,
        "retrieved": [
          "2026-10-10"
        ],
        "source": "wikidata",
        "license_id": "CC0-1.0",
        "license_name": "Creative Commons Zero 1.0 (public domain dedication)",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
        "requires_attribution": false,
        "attribution": "Data from Wikidata (https://www.wikidata.org), CC0 1.0.",
        "source_name": "Wikidata",
        "homepage": "https://www.wikidata.org"
      }
    ],
    "images": [
      {
        "media_id": 2595,
        "title": "File:Complete skeleton of Torvosaurus.jpg",
        "category": "Taxon image",
        "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Complete_skeleton_of_Torvosaurus.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
        "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Complete_skeleton_of_Torvosaurus.jpg",
        "source": "commons",
        "rights_holder": "★Kumiko★",
        "catalog_number": null,
        "license_id": "CC-BY-SA-2.0",
        "license_name": "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/",
        "requires_attribution": true,
        "share_alike": true,
        "attribution": "★Kumiko★ (https://www.flickr.com/photos/kmkmks/20430363486/), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Complete_skeleton_of_Torvosaurus.jpg)"
      },
      {
        "media_id": 2596,
        "title": "File:Torvosaurus tanneri Reconstruction.png",
        "category": "Taxon image",
        "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Torvosaurus_tanneri_Reconstruction.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
        "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Torvosaurus_tanneri_Reconstruction.png",
        "source": "commons",
        "rights_holder": "Fred Wierum",
        "catalog_number": null,
        "license_id": "CC-BY-SA-4.0",
        "license_name": "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
        "requires_attribution": true,
        "share_alike": true,
        "attribution": "Fred Wierum (Own work), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Torvosaurus_tanneri_Reconstruction.png)"
      },
      {
        "media_id": 2594,
        "title": "NHM-UK_P_DF118_03_24_0521",
        "category": "Register",
        "url": "https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/7ebe938f-05ea-41eb-8bb9-a0791ceacf37",
        "page_url": null,
        "source": "nhm",
        "rights_holder": "The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London",
        "catalog_number": "PV R 10867",
        "license_id": "CC-BY-4.0",
        "license_name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "requires_attribution": true,
        "share_alike": false,
        "attribution": "The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/7ebe938f-05ea-41eb-8bb9-a0791ceacf37)"
      }
    ],
    "derived_ages": {
      "specimens": 2,
      "ics_version": "v2024/12"
    },
    "references": 91
  },
  "credits_markdown": "## Torvosaurus: Sources & credits\n\n_Scope: confirmed matches only._\n\n### Data\n- **Paleobiology Database** (https://paleobiodb.org): [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Data from the Paleobiology Database (https://paleobiodb.org), licensed CC BY 4.0. Retrieved 4 October 2026, 5 October 2026, 10 October 2026, 11 October 2026.\n- **Natural History Museum Data Portal** (https://data.nhm.ac.uk): [Creative Commons Zero 1.0 (public domain dedication)](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/). Natural History Museum (London) Data Portal, Collection specimens dataset, https://doi.org/10.5519/0002965. Image licenses vary per record. Retrieved 4 October 2026, 10 October 2026. _Credited as a courtesy: this licence doesn't require attribution._\n- **Wikidata** (https://www.wikidata.org): [Creative Commons Zero 1.0 (public domain dedication)](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/). Data from Wikidata (https://www.wikidata.org), CC0 1.0. Retrieved 10 October 2026. _Credited as a courtesy: this licence doesn't require attribution._\n\nAges for 2 specimen(s) were derived from their stage names using the ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2024/12 (International Commission on Stratigraphy), via the Paleobiology Database (CC BY 4.0).\n\n### Images (3)\n- “File:Complete skeleton of Torvosaurus.jpg” (Taxon image): ★Kumiko★ (https://www.flickr.com/photos/kmkmks/20430363486/), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Complete_skeleton_of_Torvosaurus.jpg). [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/). Shown unmodified (share-alike licence).\n- “File:Torvosaurus tanneri Reconstruction.png” (Taxon image): Fred Wierum (Own work), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Torvosaurus_tanneri_Reconstruction.png). [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Shown unmodified (share-alike licence).\n- “NHM-UK_P_DF118_03_24_0521” (specimen PV R 10867): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/7ebe938f-05ea-41eb-8bb9-a0791ceacf37). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n\n### Scientific references\n\n91 published reference(s) support this entry (via the Paleobiology Database).\n",
  "notice": "Omnisaura data combines sources under different licences. Every genus file lists its credits; anyone showing a value must show the credits for it. Images keep their own licences; share-alike images may only be shown unmodified.",
  "fossil_basis": "body",
  "identifiers": [
    {
      "scheme": "pbdb",
      "name": "Paleobiology Database",
      "id": "38587",
      "url": "https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=38587"
    },
    {
      "scheme": "enwiki",
      "name": "Wikipedia (English)",
      "id": "Torvosaurus",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torvosaurus"
    },
    {
      "scheme": "gbif",
      "name": "GBIF",
      "id": "4822675",
      "url": "https://www.gbif.org/species/4822675"
    },
    {
      "scheme": "wikidata",
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "id": "Q131537",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131537"
    }
  ],
  "other_names": {
    "species": [
      "Torvosaurus gurneyi",
      "Torvosaurus tanneri"
    ],
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Edmarka",
        "status": "subjective synonym of",
        "authority": "Bakker et al. 1992"
      }
    ]
  },
  "original_description": {
    "citation": "P. M. Galton, J. A. Jensen (1979). A new large theropod dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic of Colorado. Brigham Young University Geology Studies 26(1): 1–12.",
    "authors": "P. M. Galton, J. A. Jensen",
    "year": 1979,
    "title": "A new large theropod dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic of Colorado",
    "publication": "Brigham Young University Geology Studies",
    "volume": "26",
    "issue": "1",
    "pages": "1–12",
    "doi": null,
    "url": null,
    "what": "The publication the Paleobiology Database gives as the authority for this genus name, usually the one that first named and described it.",
    "confidence": {
      "level": "high",
      "reasons": [
        "PBDB gives this publication for the name; its author and year match the naming authority (Galton and Jensen 1979), on which PBDB and Wikidata agree."
      ]
    },
    "source": "pbdb",
    "source_name": "Paleobiology Database",
    "license_id": "CC-BY-4.0",
    "pbdb_reference_no": "12264"
  },
  "summary": "Omnisaura summary: Torvosaurus, Galton and Jensen 1979\n\n- Named by: Galton and Jensen 1979 (high confidence: PBDB and Wikidata agree).\n- Family: Megalosauridae (high confidence: PBDB and NHM agree).\n- Order: Saurischia (medium confidence: only NHM gives this; nothing contradicts it).\n- Parent group: Megalosaurinae (medium confidence: only PBDB gives this; nothing contradicts it).\n- Type species: Torvosaurus tanneri (medium confidence: only PBDB gives this; nothing contradicts it).\n- Age, as published by the Paleobiology Database: Callovian to Tithonian, 165.3–143.1 million years ago (high confidence: PBDB and NHM agree).\n- Age, Omnisaura's own calculation (not a published figure): 161.5–143.1 million years ago (medium confidence: Omnisaura's calculation from 18 confirmed PBDB records).\n- Fossils found in: United States (high: NHM and PBDB both record it); Portugal (medium: only PBDB records it (5 records)); Uruguay (medium: only PBDB records it (3 records)); Germany (low: only one PBDB record); Tanzania (low: only one PBDB record).\n- Rock formations: Morrison Formation (high: NHM and PBDB both record it); Lourinhã (medium: only PBDB records it (5 records)); Tacuarembó (medium: only PBDB records it (3 records)); Ornatenton (low: only one PBDB record); Tendaguru Formation (low: only one PBDB record).\n- Original description: P. M. Galton, J. A. Jensen (1979). A new large theropod dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic of Colorado. Brigham Young University Geology Studies 26(1): 1–12. (high confidence: PBDB gives this publication for the name; its author and year match the naming authority (Galton and Jensen 1979), on which PBDB and Wikidata agree).\n- Diet, inferred by PBDB for the group: carnivore (medium confidence: only PBDB gives this, and it infers it for the whole of Theropoda, the group this genus belongs to, not from this genus's own fossils).\n- Way of life, inferred by PBDB for the group: ground dwelling, solitary (low confidence: PBDB infers this way of life for the whole of Theropoda; behaviour is rarely known for one genus).\n\nNot known or disputed:\n- Common names: no source Omnisaura uses gives this.\n- Named after: no source Omnisaura uses gives this.\n- 9 record(s) left out: pBDB fossil records identified only tentatively (for example 'cf.', '?', or the genus name in quotation marks, PBDB's mark for a loose use).\n\nNot covered by Omnisaura: size, weight, appearance, or behaviour beyond the way of life PBDB infers for the group. Do not fill these in from general knowledge as if they came from Omnisaura.\n\nCredits (must be shown with any of this): Natural History Museum Data Portal (CC0-1.0); Paleobiology Database (CC-BY-4.0); Wikidata (CC0-1.0)."
}