{
  "schema": "omnisaura.snapshot/v3",
  "uid": "omnisaura:profile:struthiosaurus",
  "genus": "Struthiosaurus",
  "data_as_of": "2026-10-11",
  "raw_run": "2026-10-11",
  "profile": {
    "name": {
      "value": "Struthiosaurus",
      "rule": "PBDB leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "authority": {
      "value": "Bunzel 1870",
      "rule": "PBDB leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "type_species": {
      "value": null,
      "rule": null,
      "rule_id": null,
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": []
    },
    "order": {
      "value": "Ornithischia",
      "rule": "Gap filled from NHM",
      "rule_id": "merge:gap_fill_nhm",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "nhm",
          "license": "CC0-1.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "family": {
      "value": "Nodosauridae",
      "rule": "PBDB leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        },
        {
          "source": "nhm",
          "license": "CC0-1.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "parent_name": {
      "value": "Nodosauridae",
      "rule": "PBDB leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "headline": {
      "value": [
        83.6,
        66.0,
        "Campanian",
        "Maastrichtian"
      ],
      "rule": "PBDB leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "evidence": {
      "value": [
        83.6,
        66.0
      ],
      "rule": "Omnisaura synthesis: span of confirmed PBDB records",
      "rule_id": "merge:omnisaura_synthesis_confirmed_occurrences",
      "synthesis": true,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "countries": {
      "value": [
        "AT",
        "ES",
        "FR",
        "RO"
      ],
      "rule": "Union of all sources (ISO 3166)",
      "rule_id": "merge:union_iso3166",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        },
        {
          "source": "nhm",
          "license": "CC0-1.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "formations": {
      "value": [
        "Coal-Bearing Complex",
        "Grunbach Formation",
        "Râul Mare",
        "Sanpetru Formation",
        "Sebeş",
        "Sedano",
        "Sînpetru",
        "Vitoria"
      ],
      "rule": "Canonical names, automatic and editor-approved matches applied",
      "rule_id": "merge:canonical_formations",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        },
        {
          "source": "nhm",
          "license": "CC0-1.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "diet": {
      "value": "herbivore",
      "rule": "PBDB, inferred from a group the genus belongs to",
      "rule_id": "merge:inferred_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "life_habit": {
      "value": "ground dwelling, gregarious",
      "rule": "PBDB, inferred from a group the genus belongs to",
      "rule_id": "merge:inferred_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "common_names": {
      "value": null,
      "rule": null,
      "rule_id": null,
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": []
    },
    "named_after": {
      "value": null,
      "rule": null,
      "rule_id": null,
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": []
    }
  },
  "confidence": {
    "name": {
      "level": "high",
      "basis": "corroborated",
      "reasons": [
        "PBDB and Wikidata identify the same genus."
      ]
    },
    "authority": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "year_differs",
      "reasons": [
        "PBDB and Wikidata agree on who named it; Wikidata gives the year as 1871, one year apart, as when a work is dated one year and comes out the next."
      ]
    },
    "parent_name": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "single_source",
      "reasons": [
        "Only PBDB gives this; nothing contradicts it."
      ],
      "source": "PBDB"
    },
    "family": {
      "level": "high",
      "basis": "corroborated",
      "reasons": [
        "PBDB and NHM agree."
      ]
    },
    "order": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "single_source",
      "reasons": [
        "Only NHM gives this; nothing contradicts it."
      ],
      "source": "NHM"
    },
    "headline": {
      "level": "high",
      "basis": "corroborated",
      "reasons": [
        "PBDB and NHM agree."
      ]
    },
    "evidence": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "reasons": [
        "Omnisaura's calculation from 16 confirmed PBDB records."
      ]
    },
    "diet": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "single_source",
      "reasons": [
        "Only PBDB gives this, and it infers it for the whole of Ornithischia, the group this genus belongs to, not from this genus's own fossils."
      ],
      "source": "PBDB"
    },
    "life_habit": {
      "level": "low",
      "basis": "thin",
      "reasons": [
        "PBDB infers this way of life for the whole of Ornithischia; behaviour is rarely known for one genus."
      ]
    },
    "countries": {
      "level": "mixed",
      "basis": "items",
      "reasons": [
        "Entries differ; see each entry."
      ],
      "items": [
        {
          "value": "AT",
          "level": "high",
          "basis": "corroborated",
          "reasons": [
            "NHM and PBDB both record it."
          ]
        },
        {
          "value": "ES",
          "level": "medium",
          "basis": "single_source",
          "reasons": [
            "Only PBDB records it (2 records)."
          ],
          "source": "PBDB"
        },
        {
          "value": "FR",
          "level": "low",
          "basis": "thin",
          "reasons": [
            "Only one PBDB record."
          ]
        },
        {
          "value": "RO",
          "level": "high",
          "basis": "corroborated",
          "reasons": [
            "NHM and PBDB both record it."
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    "formations": {
      "level": "mixed",
      "basis": "items",
      "reasons": [
        "Entries differ; see each entry."
      ],
      "items": [
        {
          "value": "Coal-Bearing Complex",
          "level": "medium",
          "basis": "single_source",
          "reasons": [
            "Only PBDB records it (2 records)."
          ],
          "source": "PBDB"
        },
        {
          "value": "Grunbach Formation",
          "level": "high",
          "basis": "corroborated",
          "reasons": [
            "NHM and PBDB both record it."
          ]
        },
        {
          "value": "Râul Mare",
          "level": "medium",
          "basis": "single_source",
          "reasons": [
            "Only PBDB records it (2 records)."
          ],
          "source": "PBDB"
        },
        {
          "value": "Sanpetru Formation",
          "level": "low",
          "basis": "disputed",
          "reasons": [
            "Only NHM gives this name and it matches no PBDB formation; awaiting an editor."
          ]
        },
        {
          "value": "Sebeş",
          "level": "medium",
          "basis": "single_source",
          "reasons": [
            "Only PBDB records it (2 records)."
          ],
          "source": "PBDB"
        },
        {
          "value": "Sedano",
          "level": "low",
          "basis": "thin",
          "reasons": [
            "Only one PBDB record."
          ]
        },
        {
          "value": "Sînpetru",
          "level": "medium",
          "basis": "single_source",
          "reasons": [
            "Only PBDB records it (2 records)."
          ],
          "source": "PBDB"
        },
        {
          "value": "Vitoria",
          "level": "low",
          "basis": "thin",
          "reasons": [
            "Only one PBDB record."
          ]
        }
      ]
    }
  },
  "gaps": {
    "missing": [
      {
        "field": "type_species",
        "label": "Type species",
        "note": "No source we use gives this yet."
      },
      {
        "field": "common_names",
        "label": "Common names",
        "note": "No source we use gives this yet."
      },
      {
        "field": "named_after",
        "label": "Named after",
        "note": "No source we use gives this yet."
      }
    ],
    "single_source": [
      {
        "field": "parent_name",
        "label": "Parent group",
        "source": "PBDB"
      },
      {
        "field": "order",
        "label": "Order",
        "source": "NHM"
      },
      {
        "field": "diet",
        "label": "Diet",
        "source": "PBDB"
      }
    ],
    "disputed": [
      {
        "field": "formations",
        "label": "Formations",
        "note": "One source names a formation the other does not.",
        "values": [
          {
            "source": "PBDB",
            "source_id": "pbdb",
            "value": null
          },
          {
            "source": "NHM",
            "source_id": "nhm",
            "value": "Sanpetru Formation"
          }
        ]
      }
    ],
    "withheld": [
      {
        "records": "occurrences",
        "status": "tentative",
        "count": 7,
        "reason": "PBDB fossil records identified only tentatively (for example 'cf.', '?', or the genus name in quotation marks, PBDB's mark for a loose use)"
      }
    ]
  },
  "assessment": {
    "levels": {
      "high": "Two independent sources agree, or an editor has ruled.",
      "medium": "One source; nothing contradicts it.",
      "low": "Sources disagree and no editor has ruled yet, or too few records."
    },
    "by": "Omnisaura",
    "license_id": "OMNISAURA-EDITORIAL"
  },
  "formation_matches": [
    {
      "name": "Grünbach",
      "same_as": "Grunbach Formation",
      "status": "automatic",
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "name": "Sanpetru Formation",
      "same_as": "Sînpetru",
      "status": "suggested",
      "ruling": null
    }
  ],
  "credits": {
    "genus": "Struthiosaurus",
    "scope": "confirmed matches only",
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        "retrieved": [
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        "license_name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "requires_attribution": true,
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        "source_name": "Paleobiology Database",
        "homepage": "https://paleobiodb.org"
      },
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        "retrieved": [
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        "license_id": "CC0-1.0",
        "license_name": "Creative Commons Zero 1.0 (public domain dedication)",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
        "requires_attribution": false,
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        "source_name": "Natural History Museum Data Portal",
        "homepage": "https://data.nhm.ac.uk"
      },
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        "retrieved": [
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        "requires_attribution": false,
        "attribution": "Data from Wikidata (https://www.wikidata.org), CC0 1.0.",
        "source_name": "Wikidata",
        "homepage": "https://www.wikidata.org"
      }
    ],
    "images": [
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        "license_id": "CC-BY-4.0",
        "license_name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "requires_attribution": true,
        "share_alike": false,
        "attribution": "The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/aabad4fd-ac4f-4c6a-a9db-00338609e3ca)"
      },
      {
        "media_id": 3290,
        "title": "NHMUK PV R 4966 endocast left lateral view",
        "category": "Specimen",
        "url": "https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/e01e6f0b-2b80-4e1e-ae9a-754796069836",
        "page_url": null,
        "source": "nhm",
        "rights_holder": "The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London",
        "catalog_number": "PV R 4966",
        "license_id": "CC-BY-4.0",
        "license_name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "requires_attribution": true,
        "share_alike": false,
        "attribution": "The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/e01e6f0b-2b80-4e1e-ae9a-754796069836)"
      }
    ],
    "derived_ages": {
      "specimens": 9,
      "ics_version": "v2024/12"
    },
    "references": 118
  },
  "credits_markdown": "## Struthiosaurus: Sources & credits\n\n_Scope: confirmed matches only._\n\n### Data\n- **Paleobiology Database** (https://paleobiodb.org): [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Data from the Paleobiology Database (https://paleobiodb.org), licensed CC BY 4.0. Retrieved 4 October 2026, 5 October 2026, 10 October 2026, 11 October 2026.\n- **Natural History Museum Data Portal** (https://data.nhm.ac.uk): [Creative Commons Zero 1.0 (public domain dedication)](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/). Natural History Museum (London) Data Portal, Collection specimens dataset, https://doi.org/10.5519/0002965. Image licenses vary per record. Retrieved 11 October 2026. _Credited as a courtesy: this licence doesn't require attribution._\n- **Wikidata** (https://www.wikidata.org): [Creative Commons Zero 1.0 (public domain dedication)](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/). Data from Wikidata (https://www.wikidata.org), CC0 1.0. Retrieved 11 October 2026. _Credited as a courtesy: this licence doesn't require attribution._\n\nAges for 9 specimen(s) were derived from their stage names using the ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2024/12 (International Commission on Stratigraphy), via the Paleobiology Database (CC BY 4.0).\n\n### Images (13)\n- “File:Struthiosaurus occitanicus humerus.JPG” (Taxon image): Ghedoghedo (Own work), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Struthiosaurus_occitanicus_humerus.JPG). [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/). Shown unmodified (share-alike licence).\n- “File:Struthiosaurus sacrum.jpg” (Taxon image): Gyik Toma (Tommy the paleobear) from Romania (Struthiosaurus), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Struthiosaurus_sacrum.jpg). [Creative Commons Attribution 2.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/).\n- “NHM-UK_P_DF118_03_24_0541” (specimen PV R 11009): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/b7033db6-2304-4f1c-b0f0-5fd0485f1af5). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “NHM-UK_P_DF118_03_24_0541” (specimen PV R 11010): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/b7033db6-2304-4f1c-b0f0-5fd0485f1af5). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “NHM-UK_P_DF118_03_24_0541” (specimen PV R 11011): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/b7033db6-2304-4f1c-b0f0-5fd0485f1af5). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “NHM-UK_P_DF118_03_24_0541” (specimen PV R 11012): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/b7033db6-2304-4f1c-b0f0-5fd0485f1af5). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “NHM-UK_P_DF118_03_24_0541” (specimen PV R 11013): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/b7033db6-2304-4f1c-b0f0-5fd0485f1af5). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “NHM-UK_P_DF118_03_22_0479” (specimen PV R 4966): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/0f38fae0-98e5-496d-97dd-dc07607fc821). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “NHM-UK_P_DF118_03_22_0479” (specimen PV R 4967): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/0f38fae0-98e5-496d-97dd-dc07607fc821). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “NHM-UK_P_DF118_03_22_0479” (specimen PV R 4968): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/0f38fae0-98e5-496d-97dd-dc07607fc821). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “NHM-UK_P_DF118_03_23_0073” (specimen PV R 5507): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/876bf89e-4a04-48de-b3da-ccb05de683bf). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “NHMUK PV R 4966 endocast in box” (specimen PV R 4966): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/aabad4fd-ac4f-4c6a-a9db-00338609e3ca). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “NHMUK PV R 4966 endocast left lateral view” (specimen PV R 4966): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/e01e6f0b-2b80-4e1e-ae9a-754796069836). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n\n### Scientific references\n\n118 published reference(s) support this entry (via the Paleobiology Database).\n",
  "notice": "Omnisaura data combines sources under different licences. Every genus file lists its credits; anyone showing a value must show the credits for it. Images keep their own licences; share-alike images may only be shown unmodified.",
  "fossil_basis": "body",
  "identifiers": [
    {
      "scheme": "pbdb",
      "name": "Paleobiology Database",
      "id": "38830",
      "url": "https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=38830"
    },
    {
      "scheme": "enwiki",
      "name": "Wikipedia (English)",
      "id": "Struthiosaurus",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struthiosaurus"
    },
    {
      "scheme": "gbif",
      "name": "GBIF",
      "id": "4823204",
      "url": "https://www.gbif.org/species/4823204"
    },
    {
      "scheme": "wikidata",
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "id": "Q136920",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q136920"
    }
  ],
  "other_names": {
    "species": [
      "Struthiosaurus austriacus",
      "Struthiosaurus languedocensis",
      "Struthiosaurus transilvanicus",
      "Struthiosaurus transylvanicus"
    ],
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Crataeomus",
        "status": "subjective synonym of",
        "authority": "Seeley 1881"
      },
      {
        "name": "Danubiosaurus",
        "status": "subjective synonym of",
        "authority": "Bunzel 1871"
      },
      {
        "name": "Leipsanosaurus",
        "status": "subjective synonym of",
        "authority": "Nopcsa 1918"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pleuropeltus",
        "status": "subjective synonym of",
        "authority": "Seeley 1881"
      }
    ]
  },
  "original_description": {
    "citation": "E. Bunzel (1870). Notice of a fragment of a reptilian skull from the Upper Cretaceous of Grünbach. Quarterly Review of the Geological Society of London 26: 394.",
    "authors": "E. Bunzel",
    "year": 1870,
    "title": "Notice of a fragment of a reptilian skull from the Upper Cretaceous of Grünbach",
    "publication": "Quarterly Review of the Geological Society of London",
    "volume": "26",
    "issue": null,
    "pages": "394",
    "doi": "10.1144/gsl.jgs.1870.026.01-02.35",
    "url": "https://doi.org/10.1144/gsl.jgs.1870.026.01-02.35",
    "what": "The publication the Paleobiology Database gives as the authority for this genus name, usually the one that first named and described it.",
    "confidence": {
      "level": "medium",
      "reasons": [
        "Only PBDB gives this; its author and year match the naming authority (Bunzel 1870)."
      ]
    },
    "source": "pbdb",
    "source_name": "Paleobiology Database",
    "license_id": "CC-BY-4.0",
    "pbdb_reference_no": "12805"
  },
  "summary": "Omnisaura summary: Struthiosaurus, Bunzel 1870\n\n- Named by: Bunzel 1870 (medium confidence: PBDB and Wikidata agree on who named it; Wikidata gives the year as 1871, one year apart, as when a work is dated one year and comes out the next).\n- Family: Nodosauridae (high confidence: PBDB and NHM agree).\n- Order: Ornithischia (medium confidence: only NHM gives this; nothing contradicts it).\n- Parent group: Nodosauridae (medium confidence: only PBDB gives this; nothing contradicts it).\n- Age, as published by the Paleobiology Database: Campanian to Maastrichtian, 83.6–66 million years ago (high confidence: PBDB and NHM agree).\n- Age, Omnisaura's own calculation (not a published figure): 83.6–66 million years ago (medium confidence: Omnisaura's calculation from 16 confirmed PBDB records).\n- Fossils found in: Austria (high: NHM and PBDB both record it); Romania (high: NHM and PBDB both record it); Spain (medium: only PBDB records it (2 records)); France (low: only one PBDB record).\n- Rock formations: Grunbach Formation (high: NHM and PBDB both record it); Coal-Bearing Complex (medium: only PBDB records it (2 records)); Râul Mare (medium: only PBDB records it (2 records)); Sebeş (medium: only PBDB records it (2 records)); Sînpetru (medium: only PBDB records it (2 records)); Sanpetru Formation (low: only NHM gives this name and it matches no PBDB formation; awaiting an editor); Sedano (low: only one PBDB record); Vitoria (low: only one PBDB record).\n- Original description: E. Bunzel (1870). Notice of a fragment of a reptilian skull from the Upper Cretaceous of Grünbach. Quarterly Review of the Geological Society of London 26: 394. https://doi.org/10.1144/gsl.jgs.1870.026.01-02.35 (medium confidence: only PBDB gives this; its author and year match the naming authority (Bunzel 1870)).\n- Diet, inferred by PBDB for the group: herbivore (medium confidence: only PBDB gives this, and it infers it for the whole of Ornithischia, the group this genus belongs to, not from this genus's own fossils).\n- Way of life, inferred by PBDB for the group: ground dwelling, gregarious (low confidence: PBDB infers this way of life for the whole of Ornithischia; behaviour is rarely known for one genus).\n\nNot known or disputed:\n- Formations: sources disagree (NHM says Sanpetru Formation). Awaiting an Omnisaura editor.\n- Type species: no source Omnisaura uses gives this.\n- Common names: no source Omnisaura uses gives this.\n- Named after: no source Omnisaura uses gives this.\n- 7 record(s) left out: pBDB fossil records identified only tentatively (for example 'cf.', '?', or the genus name in quotation marks, PBDB's mark for a loose use).\n\nNot covered by Omnisaura: size, weight, appearance, or behaviour beyond the way of life PBDB infers for the group. Do not fill these in from general knowledge as if they came from Omnisaura.\n\nCredits (must be shown with any of this): Natural History Museum Data Portal (CC0-1.0); Paleobiology Database (CC-BY-4.0); Wikidata (CC0-1.0)."
}