{
  "schema": "omnisaura.snapshot/v3",
  "uid": "omnisaura:profile:spinosaurus",
  "genus": "Spinosaurus",
  "data_as_of": "2026-10-04",
  "raw_run": "2026-10-04_2",
  "profile": {
    "name": {
      "value": "Spinosaurus",
      "rule": "PBDB leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "authority": {
      "value": "Stromer 1915",
      "rule": "PBDB leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "type_species": {
      "value": "Spinosaurus aegyptiacus",
      "rule": "PBDB leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "order": {
      "value": "Saurischia",
      "rule": "Gap filled from NHM",
      "rule_id": "merge:gap_fill_nhm",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "nhm",
          "license": "CC0-1.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "family": {
      "value": "Spinosauridae",
      "rule": "PBDB leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        },
        {
          "source": "nhm",
          "license": "CC0-1.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "parent_name": {
      "value": "Spinosaurini",
      "rule": "PBDB leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "headline": {
      "value": [
        125.77,
        72.2,
        "Barremian",
        "Campanian"
      ],
      "rule": "PBDB leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "evidence": {
      "value": [
        125.77,
        93.9
      ],
      "rule": "Omnisaura synthesis: span of confirmed PBDB records",
      "rule_id": "merge:omnisaura_synthesis_confirmed_occurrences",
      "synthesis": true,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "countries": {
      "value": [
        "DZ",
        "EG",
        "MA",
        "NE",
        "TN"
      ],
      "rule": "Union of all sources (ISO 3166)",
      "rule_id": "merge:union_iso3166",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        },
        {
          "source": "nhm",
          "license": "CC0-1.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "formations": {
      "value": [
        "Aïn el Guettar",
        "Baharîje",
        "Continental Intercalaire",
        "Douira",
        "Echkar",
        "Farak",
        "Gara Samani",
        "Gara Sbaa",
        "Grès rouges",
        "Ifezouane",
        "Kem Kem Beds",
        "Quseir"
      ],
      "rule": "Canonical names, automatic and editor-approved matches applied",
      "rule_id": "merge:canonical_formations",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        },
        {
          "source": "nhm",
          "license": "CC0-1.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "diet": {
      "value": "carnivore",
      "rule": "PBDB, inferred from a group the genus belongs to",
      "rule_id": "merge:inferred_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "life_habit": {
      "value": "ground dwelling, solitary",
      "rule": "PBDB, inferred from a group the genus belongs to",
      "rule_id": "merge:inferred_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "common_names": {
      "value": [
        "es:espinosaurio",
        "ja:スピノサウルス",
        "zh:棘龍"
      ],
      "rule": "Wikidata leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_wikidata",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "wikidata",
          "license": "CC0-1.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "named_after": {
      "value": [
        "Lacertilia",
        "vertebral column"
      ],
      "rule": "Wikidata leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_wikidata",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "wikidata",
          "license": "CC0-1.0"
        }
      ]
    }
  },
  "confidence": {
    "name": {
      "level": "high",
      "basis": "corroborated",
      "reasons": [
        "PBDB and Wikidata identify the same genus."
      ]
    },
    "authority": {
      "level": "high",
      "basis": "corroborated",
      "reasons": [
        "PBDB and Wikidata agree."
      ]
    },
    "type_species": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "single_source",
      "reasons": [
        "Only PBDB gives this; nothing contradicts it."
      ],
      "source": "PBDB"
    },
    "parent_name": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "single_source",
      "reasons": [
        "Only PBDB gives this; nothing contradicts it."
      ],
      "source": "PBDB"
    },
    "family": {
      "level": "high",
      "basis": "corroborated",
      "reasons": [
        "PBDB and NHM agree."
      ]
    },
    "order": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "single_source",
      "reasons": [
        "Only NHM gives this; nothing contradicts it."
      ],
      "source": "NHM"
    },
    "headline": {
      "level": "high",
      "basis": "corroborated",
      "reasons": [
        "PBDB and NHM agree."
      ]
    },
    "evidence": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "reasons": [
        "Omnisaura's calculation from 27 confirmed PBDB records.",
        "3 record(s) identified only to genus, dated well outside the species-level records, were set aside as doubtful."
      ]
    },
    "common_names": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "single_source",
      "reasons": [
        "Only Wikidata gives this; nothing contradicts it."
      ],
      "source": "Wikidata"
    },
    "named_after": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "single_source",
      "reasons": [
        "Only Wikidata gives this; nothing contradicts it."
      ],
      "source": "Wikidata"
    },
    "diet": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "single_source",
      "reasons": [
        "Only PBDB gives this, and it infers it for the whole of Theropoda, the group this genus belongs to, not from this genus's own fossils."
      ],
      "source": "PBDB"
    },
    "life_habit": {
      "level": "low",
      "basis": "thin",
      "reasons": [
        "PBDB infers this way of life for the whole of Theropoda; behaviour is rarely known for one genus."
      ]
    },
    "countries": {
      "level": "mixed",
      "basis": "items",
      "reasons": [
        "Entries differ; see each entry."
      ],
      "items": [
        {
          "value": "DZ",
          "level": "medium",
          "basis": "single_source",
          "reasons": [
            "Only PBDB records it (4 records)."
          ],
          "source": "PBDB"
        },
        {
          "value": "EG",
          "level": "medium",
          "basis": "single_source",
          "reasons": [
            "Only PBDB records it (5 records)."
          ],
          "source": "PBDB"
        },
        {
          "value": "MA",
          "level": "high",
          "basis": "corroborated",
          "reasons": [
            "NHM and PBDB both record it."
          ]
        },
        {
          "value": "NE",
          "level": "medium",
          "basis": "single_source",
          "reasons": [
            "Only PBDB records it (5 records)."
          ],
          "source": "PBDB"
        },
        {
          "value": "TN",
          "level": "medium",
          "basis": "single_source",
          "reasons": [
            "Only PBDB records it (3 records)."
          ],
          "source": "PBDB"
        }
      ]
    },
    "formations": {
      "level": "mixed",
      "basis": "items",
      "reasons": [
        "Entries differ; see each entry."
      ],
      "items": [
        {
          "value": "Aïn el Guettar",
          "level": "medium",
          "basis": "single_source",
          "reasons": [
            "Only PBDB records it (2 records)."
          ],
          "source": "PBDB"
        },
        {
          "value": "Baharîje",
          "level": "medium",
          "basis": "single_source",
          "reasons": [
            "Only PBDB records it (3 records)."
          ],
          "source": "PBDB"
        },
        {
          "value": "Continental Intercalaire",
          "level": "low",
          "basis": "thin",
          "reasons": [
            "Only one PBDB record."
          ]
        },
        {
          "value": "Douira",
          "level": "medium",
          "basis": "single_source",
          "reasons": [
            "Only PBDB records it (2 records)."
          ],
          "source": "PBDB"
        },
        {
          "value": "Echkar",
          "level": "medium",
          "basis": "single_source",
          "reasons": [
            "Only PBDB records it (3 records)."
          ],
          "source": "PBDB"
        },
        {
          "value": "Farak",
          "level": "medium",
          "basis": "single_source",
          "reasons": [
            "Only PBDB records it (2 records)."
          ],
          "source": "PBDB"
        },
        {
          "value": "Gara Samani",
          "level": "low",
          "basis": "thin",
          "reasons": [
            "Only one PBDB record."
          ]
        },
        {
          "value": "Gara Sbaa",
          "level": "low",
          "basis": "thin",
          "reasons": [
            "Only one PBDB record."
          ]
        },
        {
          "value": "Grès rouges",
          "level": "medium",
          "basis": "single_source",
          "reasons": [
            "Only PBDB records it (2 records)."
          ],
          "source": "PBDB"
        },
        {
          "value": "Ifezouane",
          "level": "medium",
          "basis": "single_source",
          "reasons": [
            "Only PBDB records it (5 records)."
          ],
          "source": "PBDB"
        },
        {
          "value": "Kem Kem Beds",
          "level": "high",
          "basis": "editor",
          "reasons": [
            "An Omnisaura editor ruled on it."
          ]
        },
        {
          "value": "Quseir",
          "level": "medium",
          "basis": "single_source",
          "reasons": [
            "Only PBDB records it (2 records)."
          ],
          "source": "PBDB"
        }
      ]
    }
  },
  "gaps": {
    "missing": [],
    "single_source": [
      {
        "field": "type_species",
        "label": "Type species",
        "source": "PBDB"
      },
      {
        "field": "parent_name",
        "label": "Parent group",
        "source": "PBDB"
      },
      {
        "field": "order",
        "label": "Order",
        "source": "NHM"
      },
      {
        "field": "common_names",
        "label": "Common names",
        "source": "Wikidata"
      },
      {
        "field": "named_after",
        "label": "Named after",
        "source": "Wikidata"
      },
      {
        "field": "diet",
        "label": "Diet",
        "source": "PBDB"
      }
    ],
    "disputed": [],
    "withheld": [
      {
        "records": "occurrences",
        "status": "tentative",
        "count": 14,
        "reason": "PBDB fossil records identified only tentatively (for example 'cf.', '?', or the genus name in quotation marks, PBDB's mark for a loose use)"
      },
      {
        "records": "specimens",
        "status": "higher_rank_only",
        "count": 8,
        "reason": "NHM specimens identified only to a broader group, not to this genus"
      },
      {
        "records": "specimens",
        "status": "related_other_genus",
        "count": 1,
        "reason": "NHM specimens identified as a related genus"
      }
    ]
  },
  "assessment": {
    "levels": {
      "high": "Two independent sources agree, or an editor has ruled.",
      "medium": "One source; nothing contradicts it.",
      "low": "Sources disagree and no editor has ruled yet, or too few records."
    },
    "by": "Omnisaura",
    "license_id": "OMNISAURA-EDITORIAL"
  },
  "formation_matches": [],
  "credits": {
    "genus": "Spinosaurus",
    "scope": "confirmed matches only",
    "data_sources": [
      {
        "values": 3247,
        "retrieved": [
          "2026-10-04",
          "2026-10-11"
        ],
        "source": "pbdb",
        "license_id": "CC-BY-4.0",
        "license_name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "requires_attribution": true,
        "attribution": "Data from the Paleobiology Database (https://paleobiodb.org), licensed CC BY 4.0.",
        "source_name": "Paleobiology Database",
        "homepage": "https://paleobiodb.org"
      },
      {
        "values": 228,
        "retrieved": [
          "2026-10-04"
        ],
        "source": "nhm",
        "license_id": "CC0-1.0",
        "license_name": "Creative Commons Zero 1.0 (public domain dedication)",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
        "requires_attribution": false,
        "attribution": "Natural History Museum (London) Data Portal, Collection specimens dataset, https://doi.org/10.5519/0002965. Image licenses vary per record.",
        "source_name": "Natural History Museum Data Portal",
        "homepage": "https://data.nhm.ac.uk"
      },
      {
        "values": 47,
        "retrieved": [
          "2026-10-04"
        ],
        "source": "wikidata",
        "license_id": "CC0-1.0",
        "license_name": "Creative Commons Zero 1.0 (public domain dedication)",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
        "requires_attribution": false,
        "attribution": "Data from Wikidata (https://www.wikidata.org), CC0 1.0.",
        "source_name": "Wikidata",
        "homepage": "https://www.wikidata.org"
      }
    ],
    "images": [
      {
        "media_id": 129,
        "title": "File:FSAC-KK-11888.jpg",
        "category": "Taxon image",
        "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/FSAC-KK-11888.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
        "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:FSAC-KK-11888.jpg",
        "source": "commons",
        "rights_holder": "3blindMies",
        "catalog_number": null,
        "license_id": "CC-BY-SA-4.0",
        "license_name": "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
        "requires_attribution": true,
        "share_alike": true,
        "attribution": "3blindMies (Own work), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:FSAC-KK-11888.jpg)"
      },
      {
        "media_id": 130,
        "title": "File:Spinosaurus Model (2).png",
        "category": "Taxon image",
        "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Spinosaurus_Model_%282%29.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
        "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Spinosaurus_Model_(2).png",
        "source": "commons",
        "rights_holder": "Petr Menshikov (https://twitter.com/Petr75113553; https://vk.com/prehistoricproduction)",
        "catalog_number": null,
        "license_id": "CC-BY-SA-4.0",
        "license_name": "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
        "requires_attribution": true,
        "share_alike": true,
        "attribution": "Petr Menshikov (https://twitter.com/Petr75113553; https://vk.com/prehistoricproduction) (Own work), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Spinosaurus_Model_(2).png)"
      },
      {
        "media_id": 131,
        "title": "File:Spinosaurus in Japan Expo.jpg",
        "category": "Taxon image",
        "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Spinosaurus_in_Japan_Expo.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
        "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Spinosaurus_in_Japan_Expo.jpg",
        "source": "commons",
        "rights_holder": "★Kumiko★",
        "catalog_number": null,
        "license_id": "CC-BY-SA-2.0",
        "license_name": "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/",
        "requires_attribution": true,
        "share_alike": true,
        "attribution": "★Kumiko★ (https://www.flickr.com/photos/kmkmks/27388394090/), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Spinosaurus_in_Japan_Expo.jpg)"
      },
      {
        "media_id": 132,
        "title": "File:Spinosaurus new skull.jpg",
        "category": "Taxon image",
        "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Spinosaurus_new_skull.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
        "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Spinosaurus_new_skull.jpg",
        "source": "commons",
        "rights_holder": "Mike Bowler from Canada",
        "catalog_number": null,
        "license_id": "CC-BY-2.0",
        "license_name": "Creative Commons Attribution 2.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/",
        "requires_attribution": true,
        "share_alike": false,
        "attribution": "Mike Bowler from Canada (Spinosaurus), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Spinosaurus_new_skull.jpg)"
      },
      {
        "media_id": 133,
        "title": "File:Spinosaurus skull steveoc.jpg",
        "category": "Taxon image",
        "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Spinosaurus_skull_steveoc.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
        "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Spinosaurus_skull_steveoc.jpg",
        "source": "commons",
        "rights_holder": "Steveoc 86",
        "catalog_number": null,
        "license_id": "CC-BY-2.5",
        "license_name": "Creative Commons Attribution 2.5",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/",
        "requires_attribution": true,
        "share_alike": false,
        "attribution": "Steveoc 86 (Own work), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Spinosaurus_skull_steveoc.jpg)"
      }
    ],
    "derived_ages": {
      "specimens": 8,
      "ics_version": "v2024/12"
    },
    "references": 131
  },
  "credits_markdown": "## Spinosaurus: Sources & credits\n\n_Scope: confirmed matches only._\n\n### Data\n- **Paleobiology Database** (https://paleobiodb.org): [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Data from the Paleobiology Database (https://paleobiodb.org), licensed CC BY 4.0. Retrieved 4 October 2026, 11 October 2026.\n- **Natural History Museum Data Portal** (https://data.nhm.ac.uk): [Creative Commons Zero 1.0 (public domain dedication)](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/). Natural History Museum (London) Data Portal, Collection specimens dataset, https://doi.org/10.5519/0002965. Image licenses vary per record. Retrieved 4 October 2026. _Credited as a courtesy: this licence doesn't require attribution._\n- **Wikidata** (https://www.wikidata.org): [Creative Commons Zero 1.0 (public domain dedication)](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/). Data from Wikidata (https://www.wikidata.org), CC0 1.0. Retrieved 4 October 2026. _Credited as a courtesy: this licence doesn't require attribution._\n\nAges for 8 specimen(s) were derived from their stage names using the ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2024/12 (International Commission on Stratigraphy), via the Paleobiology Database (CC BY 4.0).\n\n### Images (5)\n- “File:FSAC-KK-11888.jpg” (Taxon image): 3blindMies (Own work), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:FSAC-KK-11888.jpg). [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Shown unmodified (share-alike licence).\n- “File:Spinosaurus Model (2).png” (Taxon image): Petr Menshikov (https://twitter.com/Petr75113553; https://vk.com/prehistoricproduction) (Own work), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Spinosaurus_Model_(2).png). [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Shown unmodified (share-alike licence).\n- “File:Spinosaurus in Japan Expo.jpg” (Taxon image): ★Kumiko★ (https://www.flickr.com/photos/kmkmks/27388394090/), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Spinosaurus_in_Japan_Expo.jpg). [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/). Shown unmodified (share-alike licence).\n- “File:Spinosaurus new skull.jpg” (Taxon image): Mike Bowler from Canada (Spinosaurus), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Spinosaurus_new_skull.jpg). [Creative Commons Attribution 2.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/).\n- “File:Spinosaurus skull steveoc.jpg” (Taxon image): Steveoc 86 (Own work), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Spinosaurus_skull_steveoc.jpg). [Creative Commons Attribution 2.5](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/).\n\n### Scientific references\n\n131 published reference(s) support this entry (via the Paleobiology Database).\n",
  "notice": "Omnisaura data combines sources under different licences. Every genus file lists its credits; anyone showing a value must show the credits for it. Images keep their own licences; share-alike images may only be shown unmodified.",
  "fossil_basis": "body",
  "identifiers": [
    {
      "scheme": "pbdb",
      "name": "Paleobiology Database",
      "id": "38598",
      "url": "https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=38598"
    },
    {
      "scheme": "enwiki",
      "name": "Wikipedia (English)",
      "id": "Spinosaurus",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinosaurus"
    },
    {
      "scheme": "gbif",
      "name": "GBIF",
      "id": "4822933",
      "url": "https://www.gbif.org/species/4822933"
    },
    {
      "scheme": "wikidata",
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "id": "Q130966",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130966"
    }
  ],
  "other_names": {
    "species": [
      "Spinosaurus aegyptiacus",
      "Spinosaurus marrocanus",
      "Spinosaurus mirabilis"
    ],
    "synonyms": []
  },
  "original_description": {
    "citation": "E. Stromer (1915). Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen Prof. E. Stromers in den Wüsten Ägyptens. II. Wirbeltier-Reste der Baharîje-Stufe (unterstes Cenoman). 3. Das Original des Theropoden Spinosaurus aegyptiacus nov. gen., nov. spec. Abhandlungen der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Mathematisch-physikalische Klasse Abhandlung 28(3): 1–31.",
    "authors": "E. Stromer",
    "year": 1915,
    "title": "Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen Prof. E. Stromers in den Wüsten Ägyptens. II. Wirbeltier-Reste der Baharîje-Stufe (unterstes Cenoman). 3. Das Original des Theropoden Spinosaurus aegyptiacus nov. gen., nov. spec",
    "publication": "Abhandlungen der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Mathematisch-physikalische Klasse Abhandlung",
    "volume": "28",
    "issue": "3",
    "pages": "1–31",
    "doi": null,
    "url": null,
    "what": "The publication the Paleobiology Database gives as the authority for this genus name, usually the one that first named and described it.",
    "confidence": {
      "level": "high",
      "reasons": [
        "PBDB gives this publication for the name; its author and year match the naming authority (Stromer 1915), on which PBDB and Wikidata agree."
      ]
    },
    "source": "pbdb",
    "source_name": "Paleobiology Database",
    "license_id": "CC-BY-4.0",
    "pbdb_reference_no": "7054"
  },
  "summary": "Omnisaura summary: Spinosaurus, Stromer 1915\n\n- Named by: Stromer 1915 (high confidence: PBDB and Wikidata agree).\n- Family: Spinosauridae (high confidence: PBDB and NHM agree).\n- Order: Saurischia (medium confidence: only NHM gives this; nothing contradicts it).\n- Parent group: Spinosaurini (medium confidence: only PBDB gives this; nothing contradicts it).\n- Type species: Spinosaurus aegyptiacus (medium confidence: only PBDB gives this; nothing contradicts it).\n- Age, as published by the Paleobiology Database: Barremian to Campanian, 125.77–72.2 million years ago (high confidence: PBDB and NHM agree).\n- Age, Omnisaura's own calculation (not a published figure): 125.77–93.9 million years ago (medium confidence: Omnisaura's calculation from 27 confirmed PBDB records).\n- Fossils found in: Morocco (high: NHM and PBDB both record it); Algeria (medium: only PBDB records it (4 records)); Egypt (medium: only PBDB records it (5 records)); Niger (medium: only PBDB records it (5 records)); Tunisia (medium: only PBDB records it (3 records)).\n- Rock formations: Kem Kem Beds (high: an Omnisaura editor ruled on it); Aïn el Guettar (medium: only PBDB records it (2 records)); Baharîje (medium: only PBDB records it (3 records)); Douira (medium: only PBDB records it (2 records)); Echkar (medium: only PBDB records it (3 records)); Farak (medium: only PBDB records it (2 records)); Grès rouges (medium: only PBDB records it (2 records)); Ifezouane (medium: only PBDB records it (5 records)); Quseir (medium: only PBDB records it (2 records)); Continental Intercalaire (low: only one PBDB record); Gara Samani (low: only one PBDB record); Gara Sbaa (low: only one PBDB record).\n- Original description: E. Stromer (1915). Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen Prof. E. Stromers in den Wüsten Ägyptens. II. Wirbeltier-Reste der Baharîje-Stufe (unterstes Cenoman). 3. Das Original des Theropoden Spinosaurus aegyptiacus nov. gen., nov. spec. Abhandlungen der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Mathematisch-physikalische Klasse Abhandlung 28(3): 1–31. (high confidence: PBDB gives this publication for the name; its author and year match the naming authority (Stromer 1915), on which PBDB and Wikidata agree).\n- Diet, inferred by PBDB for the group: carnivore (medium confidence: only PBDB gives this, and it infers it for the whole of Theropoda, the group this genus belongs to, not from this genus's own fossils).\n- Way of life, inferred by PBDB for the group: ground dwelling, solitary (low confidence: PBDB infers this way of life for the whole of Theropoda; behaviour is rarely known for one genus).\n- Common names: espinosaurio, スピノサウルス, 棘龍 (medium confidence: only Wikidata gives this; nothing contradicts it).\n\nNot known or disputed:\n- 14 record(s) left out: pBDB fossil records identified only tentatively (for example 'cf.', '?', or the genus name in quotation marks, PBDB's mark for a loose use).\n- 8 record(s) left out: nHM specimens identified only to a broader group, not to this genus.\n- 1 record(s) left out: nHM specimens identified as a related genus.\n\nNot covered by Omnisaura: size, weight, appearance, or behaviour beyond the way of life PBDB infers for the group. Do not fill these in from general knowledge as if they came from Omnisaura.\n\nCredits (must be shown with any of this): Natural History Museum Data Portal (CC0-1.0); Paleobiology Database (CC-BY-4.0); Wikidata (CC0-1.0)."
}