{
  "schema": "omnisaura.snapshot/v3",
  "uid": "omnisaura:profile:protoceratops",
  "genus": "Protoceratops",
  "data_as_of": "2026-10-05",
  "raw_run": "2026-10-05",
  "profile": {
    "name": {
      "value": "Protoceratops",
      "rule": "PBDB leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "authority": {
      "value": "Granger and Gregory 1923",
      "rule": "PBDB leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "type_species": {
      "value": null,
      "rule": null,
      "rule_id": null,
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": []
    },
    "order": {
      "value": "Ornithischia",
      "rule": "Gap filled from NHM",
      "rule_id": "merge:gap_fill_nhm",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "nhm",
          "license": "CC0-1.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "family": {
      "value": "Protoceratopsidae",
      "rule": "PBDB leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        },
        {
          "source": "nhm",
          "license": "CC0-1.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "parent_name": {
      "value": "Protoceratopsidae",
      "rule": "PBDB leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "headline": {
      "value": [
        121.4,
        72.2,
        "Aptian",
        "Campanian"
      ],
      "rule": "PBDB leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "evidence": {
      "value": [
        100.5,
        66.0
      ],
      "rule": "Omnisaura synthesis: span of confirmed PBDB records",
      "rule_id": "merge:omnisaura_synthesis_confirmed_occurrences",
      "synthesis": true,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "countries": {
      "value": [
        "CN",
        "MN"
      ],
      "rule": "Union of all sources (ISO 3166)",
      "rule_id": "merge:union_iso3166",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        },
        {
          "source": "nhm",
          "license": "CC0-1.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "formations": {
      "value": [
        "Baruungoyot",
        "Bayan Mandahu",
        "Djadokhta",
        "Miaogou",
        "Wulansuhai"
      ],
      "rule": "Canonical names, automatic and editor-approved matches applied",
      "rule_id": "merge:canonical_formations",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        },
        {
          "source": "omnisaura",
          "license": "OMNISAURA-EDITORIAL"
        },
        {
          "source": "nhm",
          "license": "CC0-1.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "diet": {
      "value": "herbivore",
      "rule": "PBDB, inferred from a group the genus belongs to",
      "rule_id": "merge:inferred_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "life_habit": {
      "value": "ground dwelling",
      "rule": "PBDB, inferred from a group the genus belongs to",
      "rule_id": "merge:inferred_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "common_names": {
      "value": [
        "ja:プロトケラトプス",
        "zh:原角龍"
      ],
      "rule": "Wikidata leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_wikidata",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "wikidata",
          "license": "CC0-1.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "named_after": {
      "value": null,
      "rule": null,
      "rule_id": null,
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": []
    }
  },
  "confidence": {
    "name": {
      "level": "high",
      "basis": "corroborated",
      "reasons": [
        "PBDB and Wikidata identify the same genus."
      ]
    },
    "authority": {
      "level": "high",
      "basis": "corroborated",
      "reasons": [
        "PBDB and Wikidata agree."
      ]
    },
    "parent_name": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "single_source",
      "reasons": [
        "Only PBDB gives this; nothing contradicts it."
      ],
      "source": "PBDB"
    },
    "family": {
      "level": "low",
      "basis": "disputed",
      "reasons": [
        "Sources disagree and an editor has not ruled yet."
      ]
    },
    "order": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "single_source",
      "reasons": [
        "Only NHM gives this; nothing contradicts it."
      ],
      "source": "NHM"
    },
    "headline": {
      "level": "low",
      "basis": "disputed",
      "reasons": [
        "Sources disagree and an editor has not ruled yet."
      ]
    },
    "evidence": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "reasons": [
        "Omnisaura's calculation from 32 confirmed PBDB records.",
        "1 record(s) identified only to genus, dated well outside the species-level records, were set aside as doubtful."
      ]
    },
    "common_names": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "single_source",
      "reasons": [
        "Only Wikidata gives this; nothing contradicts it."
      ],
      "source": "Wikidata"
    },
    "diet": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "single_source",
      "reasons": [
        "Only PBDB gives this, and it infers it for the whole of Ceratopsia, the group this genus belongs to, not from this genus's own fossils."
      ],
      "source": "PBDB"
    },
    "life_habit": {
      "level": "low",
      "basis": "thin",
      "reasons": [
        "PBDB infers this way of life for the whole of Ceratopsia; behaviour is rarely known for one genus."
      ]
    },
    "countries": {
      "level": "mixed",
      "basis": "items",
      "reasons": [
        "Entries differ; see each entry."
      ],
      "items": [
        {
          "value": "CN",
          "level": "medium",
          "basis": "single_source",
          "reasons": [
            "Only PBDB records it (7 records)."
          ],
          "source": "PBDB"
        },
        {
          "value": "MN",
          "level": "high",
          "basis": "corroborated",
          "reasons": [
            "NHM and PBDB both record it."
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    "formations": {
      "level": "mixed",
      "basis": "items",
      "reasons": [
        "Entries differ; see each entry."
      ],
      "items": [
        {
          "value": "Baruungoyot",
          "level": "medium",
          "basis": "single_source",
          "reasons": [
            "Only PBDB records it (4 records)."
          ],
          "source": "PBDB"
        },
        {
          "value": "Bayan Mandahu",
          "level": "medium",
          "basis": "single_source",
          "reasons": [
            "Only PBDB records it (5 records)."
          ],
          "source": "PBDB"
        },
        {
          "value": "Djadokhta",
          "level": "high",
          "basis": "editor",
          "reasons": [
            "An Omnisaura editor ruled on it."
          ]
        },
        {
          "value": "Miaogou",
          "level": "low",
          "basis": "thin",
          "reasons": [
            "Only one PBDB record."
          ]
        },
        {
          "value": "Wulansuhai",
          "level": "low",
          "basis": "thin",
          "reasons": [
            "Only one PBDB record."
          ]
        }
      ]
    }
  },
  "gaps": {
    "missing": [
      {
        "field": "type_species",
        "label": "Type species",
        "note": "No source we use gives this yet."
      },
      {
        "field": "named_after",
        "label": "Named after",
        "note": "No source we use gives this yet."
      }
    ],
    "single_source": [
      {
        "field": "parent_name",
        "label": "Parent group",
        "source": "PBDB"
      },
      {
        "field": "order",
        "label": "Order",
        "source": "NHM"
      },
      {
        "field": "common_names",
        "label": "Common names",
        "source": "Wikidata"
      },
      {
        "field": "diet",
        "label": "Diet",
        "source": "PBDB"
      }
    ],
    "disputed": [
      {
        "field": "family",
        "label": "Family",
        "note": "The sources give different values.",
        "values": [
          {
            "source": "PBDB",
            "source_id": "pbdb",
            "value": "Protoceratopsidae"
          },
          {
            "source": "NHM",
            "source_id": "nhm",
            "value": "Ceratopsidae"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "field": "headline",
        "label": "Age",
        "note": "The ages of the records reach well beyond the published range.",
        "values": [
          {
            "source": "PBDB",
            "source_id": "pbdb",
            "value": "121.4–72.2 Ma"
          },
          {
            "source": "NHM specimens",
            "source_id": "nhm",
            "value": "100.5–66 Ma"
          }
        ]
      }
    ],
    "withheld": [
      {
        "records": "occurrences",
        "status": "tentative",
        "count": 5,
        "reason": "PBDB fossil records identified only tentatively (for example 'cf.', '?', or the genus name in quotation marks, PBDB's mark for a loose use)"
      }
    ]
  },
  "assessment": {
    "levels": {
      "high": "Two independent sources agree, or an editor has ruled.",
      "medium": "One source; nothing contradicts it.",
      "low": "Sources disagree and no editor has ruled yet, or too few records."
    },
    "by": "Omnisaura",
    "license_id": "OMNISAURA-EDITORIAL"
  },
  "formation_matches": [
    {
      "name": "Djadochta Formation",
      "same_as": "Djadokhta",
      "status": "suggested",
      "ruling": "approved"
    }
  ],
  "credits": {
    "genus": "Protoceratops",
    "scope": "confirmed matches only",
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        "source": "omnisaura",
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        "requires_attribution": true,
        "attribution": "Omnisaura editorial decisions © Future Sailors",
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        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "requires_attribution": true,
        "attribution": "Data from the Paleobiology Database (https://paleobiodb.org), licensed CC BY 4.0.",
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        "retrieved": [
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    ],
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    "references": 154
  },
  "credits_markdown": "## Protoceratops: Sources & credits\n\n_Scope: confirmed matches only._\n\n### Data\n- **Omnisaura editorial**: [Omnisaura editorial content (© Future Sailors, all rights reserved)](https://github.com/FutureSailorDesign/Omnisaura-/blob/main/docs/licences/omnisaura-editorial.md). Omnisaura editorial decisions © Future Sailors\n- **Paleobiology Database** (https://paleobiodb.org): [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Data from the Paleobiology Database (https://paleobiodb.org), licensed CC BY 4.0. Retrieved 4 October 2026, 5 October 2026, 11 October 2026.\n- **Natural History Museum Data Portal** (https://data.nhm.ac.uk): [Creative Commons Zero 1.0 (public domain dedication)](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/). Natural History Museum (London) Data Portal, Collection specimens dataset, https://doi.org/10.5519/0002965. Image licenses vary per record. Retrieved 4 October 2026, 5 October 2026. _Credited as a courtesy: this licence doesn't require attribution._\n- **Wikidata** (https://www.wikidata.org): [Creative Commons Zero 1.0 (public domain dedication)](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/). Data from Wikidata (https://www.wikidata.org), CC0 1.0. Retrieved 5 October 2026. _Credited as a courtesy: this licence doesn't require attribution._\n\nAges for 2 specimen(s) were derived from their stage names using the ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2024/12 (International Commission on Stratigraphy), via the Paleobiology Database (CC BY 4.0).\n\n### Images (8)\n- “File:Carnegie Protoceratops andrewsi.jpg” (Taxon image): Karen (protoceratops Uploaded by FunkMonk), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carnegie_Protoceratops_andrewsi.jpg). [Creative Commons Attribution 2.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/).\n- “File:Protoceratops andrewsi Restoration.png” (Taxon image): PaleoNeolitic (Own work), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Protoceratops_andrewsi_Restoration.png). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “NHM-UK_P_DF118_03_22_0515” (specimen PV R 5134): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/27a8eccb-5cb5-4478-907b-1bffed3780ae). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “NHM-UK_P_DF118_03_22_0517” (specimen PV R 5146): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/73cbedc2-a57c-476f-9ea6-f1f1faa70c1e). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “NHM-UK_P_DF118_03_22_0517” (specimen PV R 5148): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/73cbedc2-a57c-476f-9ea6-f1f1faa70c1e). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “NHM-UK_P_DF118_03_24_0339” (specimen PV R 9498): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/2de64622-0559-4c09-9e07-b2d47cb854c1). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “Mythical Creatures Exhibition Colchester” (specimen PV R 14376 a): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/5249ecbe-c1b9-42fc-9653-a1d35f56b6c8). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “R14376a skull cast on display at Colchester Castle for Mythical Creatures” (specimen PV R 14376 a): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/8d016b4c-9b40-4fdf-b3be-c118eeda9920). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n\n### Scientific references\n\n154 published reference(s) support this entry (via the Paleobiology Database).\n",
  "notice": "Omnisaura data combines sources under different licences. Every genus file lists its credits; anyone showing a value must show the credits for it. Images keep their own licences; share-alike images may only be shown unmodified.",
  "fossil_basis": "body",
  "identifiers": [
    {
      "scheme": "pbdb",
      "name": "Paleobiology Database",
      "id": "38848",
      "url": "https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=38848"
    },
    {
      "scheme": "enwiki",
      "name": "Wikipedia (English)",
      "id": "Protoceratops",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoceratops"
    },
    {
      "scheme": "gbif",
      "name": "GBIF",
      "id": "4823255",
      "url": "https://www.gbif.org/species/4823255"
    },
    {
      "scheme": "wikidata",
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "id": "Q14506",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14506"
    }
  ],
  "other_names": {
    "species": [
      "Protoceratops andrewsi",
      "Protoceratops hellenikorhinus"
    ],
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Bainoceratops",
        "status": "subjective synonym of",
        "authority": "Tereshchenko and Alifanov 2003"
      }
    ]
  },
  "original_description": {
    "citation": "W. Granger, W. K. Gregory (1923). Protoceratops andrewsi, a pre-ceratopsian dinosaur from Mongolia, with an appendix on the structural relationships of the Protoceratops beds. American Museum Novitates 72: 1–9.",
    "authors": "W. Granger, W. K. Gregory",
    "year": 1923,
    "title": "Protoceratops andrewsi, a pre-ceratopsian dinosaur from Mongolia, with an appendix on the structural relationships of the Protoceratops beds",
    "publication": "American Museum Novitates",
    "volume": "72",
    "issue": null,
    "pages": "1–9",
    "doi": null,
    "url": null,
    "what": "The publication the Paleobiology Database gives as the authority for this genus name, usually the one that first named and described it.",
    "confidence": {
      "level": "high",
      "reasons": [
        "PBDB gives this publication for the name; its author and year match the naming authority (Granger and Gregory 1923), on which PBDB and Wikidata agree."
      ]
    },
    "source": "pbdb",
    "source_name": "Paleobiology Database",
    "license_id": "CC-BY-4.0",
    "pbdb_reference_no": "14566"
  },
  "summary": "Omnisaura summary: Protoceratops, Granger and Gregory 1923\n\n- Named by: Granger and Gregory 1923 (high confidence: PBDB and Wikidata agree).\n- Family: Protoceratopsidae (low confidence: sources disagree and an editor has not ruled yet).\n- Order: Ornithischia (medium confidence: only NHM gives this; nothing contradicts it).\n- Parent group: Protoceratopsidae (medium confidence: only PBDB gives this; nothing contradicts it).\n- Age, as published by the Paleobiology Database: Aptian to Campanian, 121.4–72.2 million years ago (low confidence: sources disagree and an editor has not ruled yet).\n- Age, Omnisaura's own calculation (not a published figure): 100.5–66 million years ago (medium confidence: Omnisaura's calculation from 32 confirmed PBDB records).\n- Fossils found in: Mongolia (high: NHM and PBDB both record it); China (medium: only PBDB records it (7 records)).\n- Rock formations: Djadokhta (high: an Omnisaura editor ruled on it); Baruungoyot (medium: only PBDB records it (4 records)); Bayan Mandahu (medium: only PBDB records it (5 records)); Miaogou (low: only one PBDB record); Wulansuhai (low: only one PBDB record).\n- Original description: W. Granger, W. K. Gregory (1923). Protoceratops andrewsi, a pre-ceratopsian dinosaur from Mongolia, with an appendix on the structural relationships of the Protoceratops beds. American Museum Novitates 72: 1–9. (high confidence: PBDB gives this publication for the name; its author and year match the naming authority (Granger and Gregory 1923), on which PBDB and Wikidata agree).\n- Diet, inferred by PBDB for the group: herbivore (medium confidence: only PBDB gives this, and it infers it for the whole of Ceratopsia, the group this genus belongs to, not from this genus's own fossils).\n- Way of life, inferred by PBDB for the group: ground dwelling (low confidence: PBDB infers this way of life for the whole of Ceratopsia; behaviour is rarely known for one genus).\n- Common names: プロトケラトプス, 原角龍 (medium confidence: only Wikidata gives this; nothing contradicts it).\n\nNot known or disputed:\n- Family: sources disagree (PBDB says Protoceratopsidae; NHM says Ceratopsidae). Awaiting an Omnisaura editor.\n- Age: sources disagree (PBDB says 121.4–72.2 Ma; NHM specimens says 100.5–66 Ma). Awaiting an Omnisaura editor.\n- Type species: no source Omnisaura uses gives this.\n- Named after: no source Omnisaura uses gives this.\n- 5 record(s) left out: pBDB fossil records identified only tentatively (for example 'cf.', '?', or the genus name in quotation marks, PBDB's mark for a loose use).\n\nNot covered by Omnisaura: size, weight, appearance, or behaviour beyond the way of life PBDB infers for the group. Do not fill these in from general knowledge as if they came from Omnisaura.\n\nCredits (must be shown with any of this): Natural History Museum Data Portal (CC0-1.0); Omnisaura editorial (OMNISAURA-EDITORIAL); Paleobiology Database (CC-BY-4.0); Wikidata (CC0-1.0)."
}