{
  "schema": "omnisaura.snapshot/v3",
  "uid": "omnisaura:profile:kentrosaurus",
  "genus": "Kentrosaurus",
  "data_as_of": "2026-10-05",
  "raw_run": "2026-10-05",
  "profile": {
    "name": {
      "value": "Kentrosaurus",
      "rule": "PBDB leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "authority": {
      "value": "Hennig 1915",
      "rule": "PBDB leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "type_species": {
      "value": null,
      "rule": null,
      "rule_id": null,
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": []
    },
    "order": {
      "value": "Ornithischia",
      "rule": "Gap filled from NHM",
      "rule_id": "merge:gap_fill_nhm",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "nhm",
          "license": "CC0-1.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "family": {
      "value": "Stegosauridae",
      "rule": "PBDB leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        },
        {
          "source": "nhm",
          "license": "CC0-1.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "parent_name": {
      "value": "Dacentrurinae",
      "rule": "PBDB leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "headline": {
      "value": [
        161.5,
        143.1,
        "Oxfordian",
        "Tithonian"
      ],
      "rule": "PBDB leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "evidence": {
      "value": [
        161.5,
        143.1
      ],
      "rule": "Omnisaura synthesis: span of confirmed PBDB records",
      "rule_id": "merge:omnisaura_synthesis_confirmed_occurrences",
      "synthesis": true,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "countries": {
      "value": [
        "TZ"
      ],
      "rule": "Union of all sources (ISO 3166)",
      "rule_id": "merge:union_iso3166",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        },
        {
          "source": "nhm",
          "license": "CC0-1.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "formations": {
      "value": [
        "Tendaguru Formation"
      ],
      "rule": "Canonical names, automatic and editor-approved matches applied",
      "rule_id": "merge:canonical_formations",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        },
        {
          "source": "nhm",
          "license": "CC0-1.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "diet": {
      "value": "herbivore",
      "rule": "PBDB, inferred from a group the genus belongs to",
      "rule_id": "merge:inferred_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "life_habit": {
      "value": "ground dwelling, gregarious",
      "rule": "PBDB, inferred from a group the genus belongs to",
      "rule_id": "merge:inferred_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "common_names": {
      "value": null,
      "rule": null,
      "rule_id": null,
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": []
    },
    "named_after": {
      "value": null,
      "rule": null,
      "rule_id": null,
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": []
    }
  },
  "confidence": {
    "name": {
      "level": "high",
      "basis": "corroborated",
      "reasons": [
        "PBDB and Wikidata identify the same genus."
      ]
    },
    "authority": {
      "level": "high",
      "basis": "corroborated",
      "reasons": [
        "PBDB and Wikidata agree."
      ]
    },
    "parent_name": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "single_source",
      "reasons": [
        "Only PBDB gives this; nothing contradicts it."
      ],
      "source": "PBDB"
    },
    "family": {
      "level": "high",
      "basis": "corroborated",
      "reasons": [
        "PBDB and NHM agree."
      ]
    },
    "order": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "single_source",
      "reasons": [
        "Only NHM gives this; nothing contradicts it."
      ],
      "source": "NHM"
    },
    "headline": {
      "level": "high",
      "basis": "corroborated",
      "reasons": [
        "PBDB and NHM agree."
      ]
    },
    "evidence": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "reasons": [
        "Omnisaura's calculation from 26 confirmed PBDB records."
      ]
    },
    "diet": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "single_source",
      "reasons": [
        "Only PBDB gives this, and it infers it for the whole of Ornithischia, the group this genus belongs to, not from this genus's own fossils."
      ],
      "source": "PBDB"
    },
    "life_habit": {
      "level": "low",
      "basis": "thin",
      "reasons": [
        "PBDB infers this way of life for the whole of Ornithischia; behaviour is rarely known for one genus."
      ]
    },
    "countries": {
      "level": "high",
      "basis": "items",
      "reasons": [
        "See each entry."
      ],
      "items": [
        {
          "value": "TZ",
          "level": "high",
          "basis": "corroborated",
          "reasons": [
            "NHM and PBDB both record it."
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    "formations": {
      "level": "high",
      "basis": "items",
      "reasons": [
        "See each entry."
      ],
      "items": [
        {
          "value": "Tendaguru Formation",
          "level": "high",
          "basis": "corroborated",
          "reasons": [
            "NHM and PBDB both record it."
          ]
        }
      ]
    }
  },
  "gaps": {
    "missing": [
      {
        "field": "type_species",
        "label": "Type species",
        "note": "No source we use gives this yet."
      },
      {
        "field": "common_names",
        "label": "Common names",
        "note": "No source we use gives this yet."
      },
      {
        "field": "named_after",
        "label": "Named after",
        "note": "No source we use gives this yet."
      }
    ],
    "single_source": [
      {
        "field": "parent_name",
        "label": "Parent group",
        "source": "PBDB"
      },
      {
        "field": "order",
        "label": "Order",
        "source": "NHM"
      },
      {
        "field": "diet",
        "label": "Diet",
        "source": "PBDB"
      }
    ],
    "disputed": [],
    "withheld": [
      {
        "records": "occurrences",
        "status": "tentative",
        "count": 1,
        "reason": "PBDB fossil records identified only tentatively (for example 'cf.', '?', or the genus name in quotation marks, PBDB's mark for a loose use)"
      },
      {
        "records": "specimens",
        "status": "higher_rank_only",
        "count": 1,
        "reason": "NHM specimens identified only to a broader group, not to this genus"
      }
    ]
  },
  "assessment": {
    "levels": {
      "high": "Two independent sources agree, or an editor has ruled.",
      "medium": "One source; nothing contradicts it.",
      "low": "Sources disagree and no editor has ruled yet, or too few records."
    },
    "by": "Omnisaura",
    "license_id": "OMNISAURA-EDITORIAL"
  },
  "formation_matches": [
    {
      "name": "Tendaguru",
      "same_as": "Tendaguru Formation",
      "status": "automatic",
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "name": "Tendaguru Beds",
      "same_as": "Tendaguru Formation",
      "status": "automatic",
      "ruling": null
    }
  ],
  "credits": {
    "genus": "Kentrosaurus",
    "scope": "confirmed matches only",
    "data_sources": [
      {
        "values": 2242,
        "retrieved": [
          "2026-10-04",
          "2026-10-05",
          "2026-10-11"
        ],
        "source": "pbdb",
        "license_id": "CC-BY-4.0",
        "license_name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "requires_attribution": true,
        "attribution": "Data from the Paleobiology Database (https://paleobiodb.org), licensed CC BY 4.0.",
        "source_name": "Paleobiology Database",
        "homepage": "https://paleobiodb.org"
      },
      {
        "values": 1749,
        "retrieved": [
          "2026-10-05",
          "2026-10-10"
        ],
        "source": "nhm",
        "license_id": "CC0-1.0",
        "license_name": "Creative Commons Zero 1.0 (public domain dedication)",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
        "requires_attribution": false,
        "attribution": "Natural History Museum (London) Data Portal, Collection specimens dataset, https://doi.org/10.5519/0002965. Image licenses vary per record.",
        "source_name": "Natural History Museum Data Portal",
        "homepage": "https://data.nhm.ac.uk"
      },
      {
        "values": 25,
        "retrieved": [
          "2026-10-05"
        ],
        "source": "wikidata",
        "license_id": "CC0-1.0",
        "license_name": "Creative Commons Zero 1.0 (public domain dedication)",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
        "requires_attribution": false,
        "attribution": "Data from Wikidata (https://www.wikidata.org), CC0 1.0.",
        "source_name": "Wikidata",
        "homepage": "https://www.wikidata.org"
      }
    ],
    "images": [
      {
        "media_id": 866,
        "title": "File:Berlin Naturkundemuseum Dino Eingangshalle.jpg",
        "category": "Taxon image",
        "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Berlin_Naturkundemuseum_Dino_Eingangshalle.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
        "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Berlin_Naturkundemuseum_Dino_Eingangshalle.jpg",
        "source": "commons",
        "rights_holder": "LoKiLeCh",
        "catalog_number": null,
        "license_id": "CC-BY-3.0",
        "license_name": "Creative Commons Attribution 3.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/",
        "requires_attribution": true,
        "share_alike": false,
        "attribution": "LoKiLeCh (Own work), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Berlin_Naturkundemuseum_Dino_Eingangshalle.jpg)"
      },
      {
        "media_id": 869,
        "title": "File:Kentrosaurus aethiopicus 01.jpg",
        "category": "Taxon image",
        "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Kentrosaurus_aethiopicus_01.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
        "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kentrosaurus_aethiopicus_01.jpg",
        "source": "commons",
        "rights_holder": "H. Zell",
        "catalog_number": null,
        "license_id": "CC-BY-SA-3.0",
        "license_name": "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/",
        "requires_attribution": true,
        "share_alike": true,
        "attribution": "H. Zell (Own work), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kentrosaurus_aethiopicus_01.jpg)"
      },
      {
        "media_id": 868,
        "title": "File:Kentrosaurus aethiopicus.png",
        "category": "Taxon image",
        "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Kentrosaurus_aethiopicus.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
        "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kentrosaurus_aethiopicus.png",
        "source": "commons",
        "rights_holder": "Connor Ashbridge",
        "catalog_number": null,
        "license_id": "CC-BY-SA-4.0",
        "license_name": "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
        "requires_attribution": true,
        "share_alike": true,
        "attribution": "Connor Ashbridge (Own work), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kentrosaurus_aethiopicus.png)"
      },
      {
        "media_id": 870,
        "title": "File:Kentrosaurus digital clay reconstruction.png",
        "category": "Taxon image",
        "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Kentrosaurus_digital_clay_reconstruction.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
        "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kentrosaurus_digital_clay_reconstruction.png",
        "source": "commons",
        "rights_holder": "Dotname2469",
        "catalog_number": null,
        "license_id": "CC-BY-SA-3.0",
        "license_name": "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/",
        "requires_attribution": true,
        "share_alike": true,
        "attribution": "Dotname2469 (Own work), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kentrosaurus_digital_clay_reconstruction.png)"
      },
      {
        "media_id": 871,
        "title": "File:Kentrosaurus thagomizer.JPG",
        "category": "Taxon image",
        "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Kentrosaurus_thagomizer.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
        "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kentrosaurus_thagomizer.JPG",
        "source": "commons",
        "rights_holder": "Ghedoghedo",
        "catalog_number": null,
        "license_id": "CC-BY-SA-3.0",
        "license_name": "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/",
        "requires_attribution": true,
        "share_alike": true,
        "attribution": "Ghedoghedo (Own work), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kentrosaurus_thagomizer.JPG)"
      },
      {
        "media_id": 867,
        "title": "File:KentrosaurusNV.jpg",
        "category": "Taxon image",
        "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/KentrosaurusNV.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
        "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:KentrosaurusNV.jpg",
        "source": "commons",
        "rights_holder": "Foolp",
        "catalog_number": null,
        "license_id": "CC-BY-SA-4.0",
        "license_name": "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
        "requires_attribution": true,
        "share_alike": true,
        "attribution": "Foolp (Own work), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:KentrosaurusNV.jpg)"
      }
    ],
    "derived_ages": {
      "specimens": 64,
      "ics_version": "v2024/12"
    },
    "references": 74
  },
  "credits_markdown": "## Kentrosaurus: Sources & credits\n\n_Scope: confirmed matches only._\n\n### Data\n- **Paleobiology Database** (https://paleobiodb.org): [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Data from the Paleobiology Database (https://paleobiodb.org), licensed CC BY 4.0. Retrieved 4 October 2026, 5 October 2026, 11 October 2026.\n- **Natural History Museum Data Portal** (https://data.nhm.ac.uk): [Creative Commons Zero 1.0 (public domain dedication)](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/). Natural History Museum (London) Data Portal, Collection specimens dataset, https://doi.org/10.5519/0002965. Image licenses vary per record. Retrieved 5 October 2026, 10 October 2026. _Credited as a courtesy: this licence doesn't require attribution._\n- **Wikidata** (https://www.wikidata.org): [Creative Commons Zero 1.0 (public domain dedication)](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/). Data from Wikidata (https://www.wikidata.org), CC0 1.0. Retrieved 5 October 2026. _Credited as a courtesy: this licence doesn't require attribution._\n\nAges for 64 specimen(s) were derived from their stage names using the ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2024/12 (International Commission on Stratigraphy), via the Paleobiology Database (CC BY 4.0).\n\n### Images (6)\n- “File:Berlin Naturkundemuseum Dino Eingangshalle.jpg” (Taxon image): LoKiLeCh (Own work), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Berlin_Naturkundemuseum_Dino_Eingangshalle.jpg). [Creative Commons Attribution 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).\n- “File:Kentrosaurus aethiopicus 01.jpg” (Taxon image): H. Zell (Own work), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kentrosaurus_aethiopicus_01.jpg). [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/). Shown unmodified (share-alike licence).\n- “File:Kentrosaurus aethiopicus.png” (Taxon image): Connor Ashbridge (Own work), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kentrosaurus_aethiopicus.png). [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Shown unmodified (share-alike licence).\n- “File:Kentrosaurus digital clay reconstruction.png” (Taxon image): Dotname2469 (Own work), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kentrosaurus_digital_clay_reconstruction.png). [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/). Shown unmodified (share-alike licence).\n- “File:Kentrosaurus thagomizer.JPG” (Taxon image): Ghedoghedo (Own work), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kentrosaurus_thagomizer.JPG). [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/). Shown unmodified (share-alike licence).\n- “File:KentrosaurusNV.jpg” (Taxon image): Foolp (Own work), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:KentrosaurusNV.jpg). [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Shown unmodified (share-alike licence).\n\n### Scientific references\n\n74 published reference(s) support this entry (via the Paleobiology Database).\n",
  "notice": "Omnisaura data combines sources under different licences. Every genus file lists its credits; anyone showing a value must show the credits for it. Images keep their own licences; share-alike images may only be shown unmodified.",
  "fossil_basis": "body",
  "identifiers": [
    {
      "scheme": "pbdb",
      "name": "Paleobiology Database",
      "id": "38811",
      "url": "https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=38811"
    },
    {
      "scheme": "enwiki",
      "name": "Wikipedia (English)",
      "id": "Kentrosaurus",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentrosaurus"
    },
    {
      "scheme": "gbif",
      "name": "GBIF",
      "id": "4823123",
      "url": "https://www.gbif.org/species/4823123"
    },
    {
      "scheme": "wikidata",
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "id": "Q131094",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131094"
    }
  ],
  "other_names": {
    "species": [
      "Kentrosaurus aethiopicus"
    ],
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Doryphorosaurus",
        "status": "subjective synonym of",
        "authority": "Nopcsa 1916"
      },
      {
        "name": "Kentrurosaurus",
        "status": "subjective synonym of",
        "authority": "Hennig 1916"
      }
    ]
  },
  "original_description": {
    "citation": "E. Hennig (1915). Kentrosaurus aethiopicus der Stegosauride des Tendaguru [Kentrosaurus aethiopicus the stegosaurid from Tendaguru]. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin 1915: 219–247.",
    "authors": "E. Hennig",
    "year": 1915,
    "title": "Kentrosaurus aethiopicus der Stegosauride des Tendaguru [Kentrosaurus aethiopicus the stegosaurid from Tendaguru]",
    "publication": "Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin",
    "volume": "1915",
    "issue": null,
    "pages": "219–247",
    "doi": null,
    "url": null,
    "what": "The publication the Paleobiology Database gives as the authority for this genus name, usually the one that first named and described it.",
    "confidence": {
      "level": "high",
      "reasons": [
        "PBDB gives this publication for the name; its author and year match the naming authority (Hennig 1915), on which PBDB and Wikidata agree."
      ]
    },
    "source": "pbdb",
    "source_name": "Paleobiology Database",
    "license_id": "CC-BY-4.0",
    "pbdb_reference_no": "12611"
  },
  "summary": "Omnisaura summary: Kentrosaurus, Hennig 1915\n\n- Named by: Hennig 1915 (high confidence: PBDB and Wikidata agree).\n- Family: Stegosauridae (high confidence: PBDB and NHM agree).\n- Order: Ornithischia (medium confidence: only NHM gives this; nothing contradicts it).\n- Parent group: Dacentrurinae (medium confidence: only PBDB gives this; nothing contradicts it).\n- Age, as published by the Paleobiology Database: Oxfordian to Tithonian, 161.5–143.1 million years ago (high confidence: PBDB and NHM agree).\n- Age, Omnisaura's own calculation (not a published figure): 161.5–143.1 million years ago (medium confidence: Omnisaura's calculation from 26 confirmed PBDB records).\n- Fossils found in: Tanzania (high: NHM and PBDB both record it).\n- Rock formations: Tendaguru Formation (high: NHM and PBDB both record it).\n- Original description: E. Hennig (1915). Kentrosaurus aethiopicus der Stegosauride des Tendaguru [Kentrosaurus aethiopicus the stegosaurid from Tendaguru]. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin 1915: 219–247. (high confidence: PBDB gives this publication for the name; its author and year match the naming authority (Hennig 1915), on which PBDB and Wikidata agree).\n- Diet, inferred by PBDB for the group: herbivore (medium confidence: only PBDB gives this, and it infers it for the whole of Ornithischia, the group this genus belongs to, not from this genus's own fossils).\n- Way of life, inferred by PBDB for the group: ground dwelling, gregarious (low confidence: PBDB infers this way of life for the whole of Ornithischia; behaviour is rarely known for one genus).\n\nNot known or disputed:\n- Type species: no source Omnisaura uses gives this.\n- Common names: no source Omnisaura uses gives this.\n- Named after: no source Omnisaura uses gives this.\n- 1 record(s) left out: pBDB fossil records identified only tentatively (for example 'cf.', '?', or the genus name in quotation marks, PBDB's mark for a loose use).\n- 1 record(s) left out: nHM specimens identified only to a broader group, not to this genus.\n\nNot covered by Omnisaura: size, weight, appearance, or behaviour beyond the way of life PBDB infers for the group. Do not fill these in from general knowledge as if they came from Omnisaura.\n\nCredits (must be shown with any of this): Natural History Museum Data Portal (CC0-1.0); Paleobiology Database (CC-BY-4.0); Wikidata (CC0-1.0)."
}