{
  "schema": "omnisaura.snapshot/v3",
  "uid": "omnisaura:profile:ceratosaurus",
  "genus": "Ceratosaurus",
  "data_as_of": "2026-10-10",
  "raw_run": "2026-10-10",
  "profile": {
    "name": {
      "value": "Ceratosaurus",
      "rule": "PBDB leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "authority": {
      "value": "Marsh 1884",
      "rule": "PBDB leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "type_species": {
      "value": null,
      "rule": null,
      "rule_id": null,
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": []
    },
    "order": {
      "value": null,
      "rule": null,
      "rule_id": null,
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": []
    },
    "family": {
      "value": null,
      "rule": null,
      "rule_id": null,
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": []
    },
    "parent_name": {
      "value": "Ceratosauria",
      "rule": "PBDB leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "headline": {
      "value": [
        157.9,
        143.1,
        null,
        null
      ],
      "rule": "PBDB leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "evidence": {
      "value": [
        157.9,
        143.1
      ],
      "rule": "Omnisaura synthesis: span of confirmed PBDB records",
      "rule_id": "merge:omnisaura_synthesis_confirmed_occurrences",
      "synthesis": true,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "countries": {
      "value": [
        "PT",
        "TZ",
        "US",
        "UY"
      ],
      "rule": "Union of all sources (ISO 3166)",
      "rule_id": "merge:union_iso3166",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "formations": {
      "value": [
        "Lourinhã",
        "Morrison Formation",
        "Praia da Amoreira-Porto Novo",
        "Tacuarembó",
        "Tendaguru Formation"
      ],
      "rule": "Canonical names, automatic and editor-approved matches applied",
      "rule_id": "merge:canonical_formations",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "diet": {
      "value": "carnivore",
      "rule": "PBDB, inferred from a group the genus belongs to",
      "rule_id": "merge:inferred_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "life_habit": {
      "value": "ground dwelling, solitary",
      "rule": "PBDB, inferred from a group the genus belongs to",
      "rule_id": "merge:inferred_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "common_names": {
      "value": [
        "en:Ceratosaurus (\"horned lizard\")"
      ],
      "rule": "Wikidata leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_wikidata",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "wikidata",
          "license": "CC0-1.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "named_after": {
      "value": null,
      "rule": null,
      "rule_id": null,
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": []
    }
  },
  "confidence": {
    "name": {
      "level": "high",
      "basis": "corroborated",
      "reasons": [
        "PBDB and Wikidata identify the same genus."
      ]
    },
    "authority": {
      "level": "high",
      "basis": "corroborated",
      "reasons": [
        "PBDB and Wikidata agree."
      ]
    },
    "parent_name": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "single_source",
      "reasons": [
        "Only PBDB gives this; nothing contradicts it."
      ],
      "source": "PBDB"
    },
    "headline": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "single_source",
      "reasons": [
        "Only PBDB gives this; nothing contradicts it."
      ],
      "source": "PBDB"
    },
    "evidence": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "reasons": [
        "Omnisaura's calculation from 27 confirmed PBDB records."
      ]
    },
    "common_names": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "single_source",
      "reasons": [
        "Only Wikidata gives this; nothing contradicts it."
      ],
      "source": "Wikidata"
    },
    "diet": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "single_source",
      "reasons": [
        "Only PBDB gives this, and it infers it for the whole of Theropoda, the group this genus belongs to, not from this genus's own fossils."
      ],
      "source": "PBDB"
    },
    "life_habit": {
      "level": "low",
      "basis": "thin",
      "reasons": [
        "PBDB infers this way of life for the whole of Theropoda; behaviour is rarely known for one genus."
      ]
    },
    "countries": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "items",
      "reasons": [
        "See each entry."
      ],
      "items": [
        {
          "value": "PT",
          "level": "medium",
          "basis": "single_source",
          "reasons": [
            "Only PBDB records it (4 records)."
          ],
          "source": "PBDB"
        },
        {
          "value": "TZ",
          "level": "medium",
          "basis": "single_source",
          "reasons": [
            "Only PBDB records it (3 records)."
          ],
          "source": "PBDB"
        },
        {
          "value": "US",
          "level": "medium",
          "basis": "single_source",
          "reasons": [
            "Only PBDB records it (18 records)."
          ],
          "source": "PBDB"
        },
        {
          "value": "UY",
          "level": "medium",
          "basis": "single_source",
          "reasons": [
            "Only PBDB records it (2 records)."
          ],
          "source": "PBDB"
        }
      ]
    },
    "formations": {
      "level": "mixed",
      "basis": "items",
      "reasons": [
        "Entries differ; see each entry."
      ],
      "items": [
        {
          "value": "Lourinhã",
          "level": "medium",
          "basis": "single_source",
          "reasons": [
            "Only PBDB records it (3 records)."
          ],
          "source": "PBDB"
        },
        {
          "value": "Morrison Formation",
          "level": "medium",
          "basis": "single_source",
          "reasons": [
            "Only PBDB records it (18 records)."
          ],
          "source": "PBDB"
        },
        {
          "value": "Praia da Amoreira-Porto Novo",
          "level": "low",
          "basis": "thin",
          "reasons": [
            "Only one PBDB record."
          ]
        },
        {
          "value": "Tacuarembó",
          "level": "medium",
          "basis": "single_source",
          "reasons": [
            "Only PBDB records it (2 records)."
          ],
          "source": "PBDB"
        },
        {
          "value": "Tendaguru Formation",
          "level": "medium",
          "basis": "single_source",
          "reasons": [
            "Only PBDB records it (3 records)."
          ],
          "source": "PBDB"
        }
      ]
    }
  },
  "gaps": {
    "missing": [
      {
        "field": "type_species",
        "label": "Type species",
        "note": "No source we use gives this yet."
      },
      {
        "field": "order",
        "label": "Order",
        "note": "No source we use gives this yet."
      },
      {
        "field": "family",
        "label": "Family",
        "note": "No source we use gives this yet."
      },
      {
        "field": "named_after",
        "label": "Named after",
        "note": "No source we use gives this yet."
      }
    ],
    "single_source": [
      {
        "field": "parent_name",
        "label": "Parent group",
        "source": "PBDB"
      },
      {
        "field": "headline",
        "label": "Age (headline)",
        "source": "PBDB"
      },
      {
        "field": "common_names",
        "label": "Common names",
        "source": "Wikidata"
      },
      {
        "field": "diet",
        "label": "Diet",
        "source": "PBDB"
      }
    ],
    "disputed": [],
    "withheld": [
      {
        "records": "occurrences",
        "status": "tentative",
        "count": 2,
        "reason": "PBDB fossil records identified only tentatively (for example 'cf.', '?', or the genus name in quotation marks, PBDB's mark for a loose use)"
      }
    ]
  },
  "assessment": {
    "levels": {
      "high": "Two independent sources agree, or an editor has ruled.",
      "medium": "One source; nothing contradicts it.",
      "low": "Sources disagree and no editor has ruled yet, or too few records."
    },
    "by": "Omnisaura",
    "license_id": "OMNISAURA-EDITORIAL"
  },
  "formation_matches": [
    {
      "name": "Morrison",
      "same_as": "Morrison Formation",
      "status": "automatic",
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "name": "Tendaguru",
      "same_as": "Tendaguru Formation",
      "status": "automatic",
      "ruling": null
    }
  ],
  "credits": {
    "genus": "Ceratosaurus",
    "scope": "confirmed matches only",
    "data_sources": [
      {
        "values": 4001,
        "retrieved": [
          "2026-10-04",
          "2026-10-05",
          "2026-10-10",
          "2026-10-11"
        ],
        "source": "pbdb",
        "license_id": "CC-BY-4.0",
        "license_name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "requires_attribution": true,
        "attribution": "Data from the Paleobiology Database (https://paleobiodb.org), licensed CC BY 4.0.",
        "source_name": "Paleobiology Database",
        "homepage": "https://paleobiodb.org"
      },
      {
        "values": 14,
        "retrieved": [
          "2026-10-04",
          "2026-10-10"
        ],
        "source": "nhm",
        "license_id": "CC0-1.0",
        "license_name": "Creative Commons Zero 1.0 (public domain dedication)",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
        "requires_attribution": false,
        "attribution": "Natural History Museum (London) Data Portal, Collection specimens dataset, https://doi.org/10.5519/0002965. Image licenses vary per record.",
        "source_name": "Natural History Museum Data Portal",
        "homepage": "https://data.nhm.ac.uk"
      },
      {
        "values": 30,
        "retrieved": [
          "2026-10-10"
        ],
        "source": "wikidata",
        "license_id": "CC0-1.0",
        "license_name": "Creative Commons Zero 1.0 (public domain dedication)",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
        "requires_attribution": false,
        "attribution": "Data from Wikidata (https://www.wikidata.org), CC0 1.0.",
        "source_name": "Wikidata",
        "homepage": "https://www.wikidata.org"
      }
    ],
    "images": [
      {
        "media_id": 1016,
        "title": "File:Ceratosaurus NT.jpg",
        "category": "Taxon image",
        "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Ceratosaurus_NT.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
        "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ceratosaurus_NT.jpg",
        "source": "commons",
        "rights_holder": "NobuTamura email:nobu.tamura@yahoo.com",
        "catalog_number": null,
        "license_id": "CC-BY-SA-3.0",
        "license_name": "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/",
        "requires_attribution": true,
        "share_alike": true,
        "attribution": "NobuTamura email:nobu.tamura@yahoo.com (Own work), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ceratosaurus_NT.jpg)"
      },
      {
        "media_id": 1017,
        "title": "File:Ceratosaurus mounted.jpg",
        "category": "Taxon image",
        "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Ceratosaurus_mounted.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
        "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ceratosaurus_mounted.jpg",
        "source": "commons",
        "rights_holder": "Richie D. from Chicago, IL, USA",
        "catalog_number": null,
        "license_id": "CC-BY-2.0",
        "license_name": "Creative Commons Attribution 2.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/",
        "requires_attribution": true,
        "share_alike": false,
        "attribution": "Richie D. from Chicago, IL, USA (Midwestern Dinos), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ceratosaurus_mounted.jpg)"
      },
      {
        "media_id": 1018,
        "title": "File:Ceratosaurus nasicornis walking.jpg",
        "category": "Taxon image",
        "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_walking.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
        "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_walking.jpg",
        "source": "commons",
        "rights_holder": "Oleg Kuznetsov - 3depix - http://3depix.com/ 3D Epix Inc.",
        "catalog_number": null,
        "license_id": "CC-BY-SA-4.0",
        "license_name": "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
        "requires_attribution": true,
        "share_alike": true,
        "attribution": "Oleg Kuznetsov - 3depix - http://3depix.com/ 3D Epix Inc. (Own work), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_walking.jpg)"
      }
    ],
    "derived_ages": null,
    "references": 187
  },
  "credits_markdown": "## Ceratosaurus: Sources & credits\n\n_Scope: confirmed matches only._\n\n### Data\n- **Paleobiology Database** (https://paleobiodb.org): [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Data from the Paleobiology Database (https://paleobiodb.org), licensed CC BY 4.0. Retrieved 4 October 2026, 5 October 2026, 10 October 2026, 11 October 2026.\n- **Natural History Museum Data Portal** (https://data.nhm.ac.uk): [Creative Commons Zero 1.0 (public domain dedication)](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/). Natural History Museum (London) Data Portal, Collection specimens dataset, https://doi.org/10.5519/0002965. Image licenses vary per record. Retrieved 4 October 2026, 10 October 2026. _Credited as a courtesy: this licence doesn't require attribution._\n- **Wikidata** (https://www.wikidata.org): [Creative Commons Zero 1.0 (public domain dedication)](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/). Data from Wikidata (https://www.wikidata.org), CC0 1.0. Retrieved 10 October 2026. _Credited as a courtesy: this licence doesn't require attribution._\n\n### Images (3)\n- “File:Ceratosaurus NT.jpg” (Taxon image): NobuTamura email:nobu.tamura@yahoo.com (Own work), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ceratosaurus_NT.jpg). [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/). Shown unmodified (share-alike licence).\n- “File:Ceratosaurus mounted.jpg” (Taxon image): Richie D. from Chicago, IL, USA (Midwestern Dinos), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ceratosaurus_mounted.jpg). [Creative Commons Attribution 2.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/).\n- “File:Ceratosaurus nasicornis walking.jpg” (Taxon image): Oleg Kuznetsov - 3depix - http://3depix.com/ 3D Epix Inc. (Own work), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_walking.jpg). [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Shown unmodified (share-alike licence).\n\n### Scientific references\n\n187 published reference(s) support this entry (via the Paleobiology Database).\n",
  "notice": "Omnisaura data combines sources under different licences. Every genus file lists its credits; anyone showing a value must show the credits for it. Images keep their own licences; share-alike images may only be shown unmodified.",
  "fossil_basis": "body",
  "identifiers": [
    {
      "scheme": "pbdb",
      "name": "Paleobiology Database",
      "id": "38600",
      "url": "https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=38600"
    },
    {
      "scheme": "enwiki",
      "name": "Wikipedia (English)",
      "id": "Ceratosaurus",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratosaurus"
    },
    {
      "scheme": "gbif",
      "name": "GBIF",
      "id": "4818607",
      "url": "https://www.gbif.org/species/4818607"
    },
    {
      "scheme": "wikidata",
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "id": "Q130902",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130902"
    }
  ],
  "other_names": {
    "species": [
      "Ceratosaurus dentisulcatus",
      "Ceratosaurus magnicornis",
      "Ceratosaurus nasicornis"
    ],
    "synonyms": []
  },
  "original_description": {
    "citation": "O. C. Marsh (1884). Principal characters of American Jurassic dinosaurs. Part VIII. The order Theropoda. The American Journal of Science, series 3 27: 329–340.",
    "authors": "O. C. Marsh",
    "year": 1884,
    "title": "Principal characters of American Jurassic dinosaurs. Part VIII. The order Theropoda",
    "publication": "The American Journal of Science, series 3",
    "volume": "27",
    "issue": null,
    "pages": "329–340",
    "doi": "10.2475/ajs.s3-27.160.329",
    "url": "https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.s3-27.160.329",
    "what": "The publication the Paleobiology Database gives as the authority for this genus name, usually the one that first named and described it.",
    "confidence": {
      "level": "high",
      "reasons": [
        "PBDB gives this publication for the name; its author and year match the naming authority (Marsh 1884), on which PBDB and Wikidata agree."
      ]
    },
    "source": "pbdb",
    "source_name": "Paleobiology Database",
    "license_id": "CC-BY-4.0",
    "pbdb_reference_no": "12248"
  },
  "summary": "Omnisaura summary: Ceratosaurus, Marsh 1884\n\n- Named by: Marsh 1884 (high confidence: PBDB and Wikidata agree).\n- Parent group: Ceratosauria (medium confidence: only PBDB gives this; nothing contradicts it).\n- Age, as published by the Paleobiology Database: 157.9–143.1 million years ago (medium confidence: only PBDB gives this; nothing contradicts it).\n- Age, Omnisaura's own calculation (not a published figure): 157.9–143.1 million years ago (medium confidence: Omnisaura's calculation from 27 confirmed PBDB records).\n- Fossils found in: Portugal (medium: only PBDB records it (4 records)); Tanzania (medium: only PBDB records it (3 records)); United States (medium: only PBDB records it (18 records)); Uruguay (medium: only PBDB records it (2 records)).\n- Rock formations: Lourinhã (medium: only PBDB records it (3 records)); Morrison Formation (medium: only PBDB records it (18 records)); Tacuarembó (medium: only PBDB records it (2 records)); Tendaguru Formation (medium: only PBDB records it (3 records)); Praia da Amoreira-Porto Novo (low: only one PBDB record).\n- Original description: O. C. Marsh (1884). Principal characters of American Jurassic dinosaurs. Part VIII. The order Theropoda. The American Journal of Science, series 3 27: 329–340. https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.s3-27.160.329 (high confidence: PBDB gives this publication for the name; its author and year match the naming authority (Marsh 1884), on which PBDB and Wikidata agree).\n- Diet, inferred by PBDB for the group: carnivore (medium confidence: only PBDB gives this, and it infers it for the whole of Theropoda, the group this genus belongs to, not from this genus's own fossils).\n- Way of life, inferred by PBDB for the group: ground dwelling, solitary (low confidence: PBDB infers this way of life for the whole of Theropoda; behaviour is rarely known for one genus).\n- Common names: Ceratosaurus (\"horned lizard\") (medium confidence: only Wikidata gives this; nothing contradicts it).\n\nNot known or disputed:\n- Type species: no source Omnisaura uses gives this.\n- Order: no source Omnisaura uses gives this.\n- Family: no source Omnisaura uses gives this.\n- Named after: no source Omnisaura uses gives this.\n- 2 record(s) left out: pBDB fossil records identified only tentatively (for example 'cf.', '?', or the genus name in quotation marks, PBDB's mark for a loose use).\n\nNot covered by Omnisaura: size, weight, appearance, or behaviour beyond the way of life PBDB infers for the group. Do not fill these in from general knowledge as if they came from Omnisaura.\n\nCredits (must be shown with any of this): Natural History Museum Data Portal (CC0-1.0); Paleobiology Database (CC-BY-4.0); Wikidata (CC0-1.0)."
}