{
  "schema": "omnisaura.snapshot/v3",
  "uid": "omnisaura:profile:centrosaurus",
  "genus": "Centrosaurus",
  "data_as_of": "2026-10-10",
  "raw_run": "2026-10-10",
  "profile": {
    "name": {
      "value": "Centrosaurus",
      "rule": "PBDB leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "authority": {
      "value": "Lambe 1905",
      "rule": "PBDB leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "type_species": {
      "value": null,
      "rule": null,
      "rule_id": null,
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": []
    },
    "order": {
      "value": "Ornithischia",
      "rule": "Gap filled from NHM",
      "rule_id": "merge:gap_fill_nhm",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "nhm",
          "license": "CC0-1.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "family": {
      "value": "Ceratopsidae",
      "rule": "PBDB leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        },
        {
          "source": "nhm",
          "license": "CC0-1.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "parent_name": {
      "value": "Centrosaurini",
      "rule": "PBDB leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "headline": {
      "value": [
        83.6,
        66.0,
        "Campanian",
        "Maastrichtian"
      ],
      "rule": "PBDB leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "evidence": {
      "value": [
        83.6,
        66.0
      ],
      "rule": "Omnisaura synthesis: span of confirmed PBDB records",
      "rule_id": "merge:omnisaura_synthesis_confirmed_occurrences",
      "synthesis": true,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "countries": {
      "value": [
        "CA",
        "US"
      ],
      "rule": "Union of all sources (ISO 3166)",
      "rule_id": "merge:union_iso3166",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        },
        {
          "source": "nhm",
          "license": "CC0-1.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "formations": {
      "value": [
        "Belly River Series",
        "Dinosaur Park",
        "Judith River Formation",
        "Oldman"
      ],
      "rule": "Canonical names, automatic and editor-approved matches applied",
      "rule_id": "merge:canonical_formations",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        },
        {
          "source": "nhm",
          "license": "CC0-1.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "diet": {
      "value": "herbivore",
      "rule": "PBDB, inferred from a group the genus belongs to",
      "rule_id": "merge:inferred_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "life_habit": {
      "value": "ground dwelling",
      "rule": "PBDB, inferred from a group the genus belongs to",
      "rule_id": "merge:inferred_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "common_names": {
      "value": [
        "ja:セントロサウルス"
      ],
      "rule": "Wikidata leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_wikidata",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "wikidata",
          "license": "CC0-1.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "named_after": {
      "value": null,
      "rule": null,
      "rule_id": null,
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": []
    }
  },
  "confidence": {
    "name": {
      "level": "high",
      "basis": "corroborated",
      "reasons": [
        "PBDB and Wikidata identify the same genus."
      ]
    },
    "authority": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "single_source",
      "reasons": [
        "Only PBDB gives this; nothing contradicts it."
      ],
      "source": "PBDB"
    },
    "parent_name": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "single_source",
      "reasons": [
        "Only PBDB gives this; nothing contradicts it."
      ],
      "source": "PBDB"
    },
    "family": {
      "level": "high",
      "basis": "corroborated",
      "reasons": [
        "PBDB and NHM agree."
      ]
    },
    "order": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "single_source",
      "reasons": [
        "Only NHM gives this; nothing contradicts it."
      ],
      "source": "NHM"
    },
    "headline": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "single_source",
      "reasons": [
        "Only PBDB gives a range this precise; NHM's records give only a broader interval, which contains it."
      ],
      "source": "PBDB"
    },
    "evidence": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "reasons": [
        "Omnisaura's calculation from 57 confirmed PBDB records."
      ]
    },
    "common_names": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "single_source",
      "reasons": [
        "Only Wikidata gives this; nothing contradicts it."
      ],
      "source": "Wikidata"
    },
    "diet": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "single_source",
      "reasons": [
        "Only PBDB gives this, and it infers it for the whole of Ceratopsia, the group this genus belongs to, not from this genus's own fossils."
      ],
      "source": "PBDB"
    },
    "life_habit": {
      "level": "low",
      "basis": "thin",
      "reasons": [
        "PBDB infers this way of life for the whole of Ceratopsia; behaviour is rarely known for one genus."
      ]
    },
    "countries": {
      "level": "mixed",
      "basis": "items",
      "reasons": [
        "Entries differ; see each entry."
      ],
      "items": [
        {
          "value": "CA",
          "level": "high",
          "basis": "corroborated",
          "reasons": [
            "NHM and PBDB both record it."
          ]
        },
        {
          "value": "US",
          "level": "medium",
          "basis": "single_source",
          "reasons": [
            "Only PBDB records it (3 records)."
          ],
          "source": "PBDB"
        }
      ]
    },
    "formations": {
      "level": "mixed",
      "basis": "items",
      "reasons": [
        "Entries differ; see each entry."
      ],
      "items": [
        {
          "value": "Belly River Series",
          "level": "low",
          "basis": "disputed",
          "reasons": [
            "Only NHM gives this name and it matches no PBDB formation; awaiting an editor."
          ]
        },
        {
          "value": "Dinosaur Park",
          "level": "medium",
          "basis": "single_source",
          "reasons": [
            "Only PBDB records it (47 records)."
          ],
          "source": "PBDB"
        },
        {
          "value": "Judith River Formation",
          "level": "medium",
          "basis": "single_source",
          "reasons": [
            "Only PBDB records it (2 records)."
          ],
          "source": "PBDB"
        },
        {
          "value": "Oldman",
          "level": "medium",
          "basis": "single_source",
          "reasons": [
            "Only PBDB records it (4 records)."
          ],
          "source": "PBDB"
        }
      ]
    }
  },
  "gaps": {
    "missing": [
      {
        "field": "type_species",
        "label": "Type species",
        "note": "No source we use gives this yet."
      },
      {
        "field": "named_after",
        "label": "Named after",
        "note": "No source we use gives this yet."
      }
    ],
    "single_source": [
      {
        "field": "authority",
        "label": "Authority",
        "source": "PBDB"
      },
      {
        "field": "parent_name",
        "label": "Parent group",
        "source": "PBDB"
      },
      {
        "field": "order",
        "label": "Order",
        "source": "NHM"
      },
      {
        "field": "headline",
        "label": "Age (headline)",
        "source": "PBDB"
      },
      {
        "field": "common_names",
        "label": "Common names",
        "source": "Wikidata"
      },
      {
        "field": "diet",
        "label": "Diet",
        "source": "PBDB"
      }
    ],
    "disputed": [
      {
        "field": "formations",
        "label": "Formations",
        "note": "One source names a formation the other does not.",
        "values": [
          {
            "source": "PBDB",
            "source_id": "pbdb",
            "value": null
          },
          {
            "source": "NHM",
            "source_id": "nhm",
            "value": "Belly River Series"
          }
        ]
      }
    ],
    "withheld": []
  },
  "assessment": {
    "levels": {
      "high": "Two independent sources agree, or an editor has ruled.",
      "medium": "One source; nothing contradicts it.",
      "low": "Sources disagree and no editor has ruled yet, or too few records."
    },
    "by": "Omnisaura",
    "license_id": "OMNISAURA-EDITORIAL"
  },
  "formation_matches": [
    {
      "name": "Judith River",
      "same_as": "Judith River Formation",
      "status": "automatic",
      "ruling": null
    }
  ],
  "credits": {
    "genus": "Centrosaurus",
    "scope": "confirmed matches only",
    "data_sources": [
      {
        "values": 3830,
        "retrieved": [
          "2026-10-04",
          "2026-10-05",
          "2026-10-10",
          "2026-10-11"
        ],
        "source": "pbdb",
        "license_id": "CC-BY-4.0",
        "license_name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "requires_attribution": true,
        "attribution": "Data from the Paleobiology Database (https://paleobiodb.org), licensed CC BY 4.0.",
        "source_name": "Paleobiology Database",
        "homepage": "https://paleobiodb.org"
      },
      {
        "values": 61,
        "retrieved": [
          "2026-10-05",
          "2026-10-10"
        ],
        "source": "nhm",
        "license_id": "CC0-1.0",
        "license_name": "Creative Commons Zero 1.0 (public domain dedication)",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
        "requires_attribution": false,
        "attribution": "Natural History Museum (London) Data Portal, Collection specimens dataset, https://doi.org/10.5519/0002965. Image licenses vary per record.",
        "source_name": "Natural History Museum Data Portal",
        "homepage": "https://data.nhm.ac.uk"
      },
      {
        "values": 29,
        "retrieved": [
          "2026-10-10"
        ],
        "source": "wikidata",
        "license_id": "CC0-1.0",
        "license_name": "Creative Commons Zero 1.0 (public domain dedication)",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
        "requires_attribution": false,
        "attribution": "Data from Wikidata (https://www.wikidata.org), CC0 1.0.",
        "source_name": "Wikidata",
        "homepage": "https://www.wikidata.org"
      }
    ],
    "images": [
      {
        "media_id": 2651,
        "title": "File:Centrosaurus.JPG",
        "category": "Taxon image",
        "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Centrosaurus.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
        "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Centrosaurus.JPG",
        "source": "commons",
        "rights_holder": "Sainterx",
        "catalog_number": null,
        "license_id": "PD-SELF",
        "license_name": "Public domain (released by the author, Wikimedia Commons)",
        "license_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-self",
        "requires_attribution": false,
        "share_alike": false,
        "attribution": "Sainterx (Own work), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Centrosaurus.JPG)"
      },
      {
        "media_id": 2652,
        "title": "File:Centrosaurus.png",
        "category": "Taxon image",
        "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Centrosaurus.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
        "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Centrosaurus.png",
        "source": "commons",
        "rights_holder": "Fred Wierum",
        "catalog_number": null,
        "license_id": "CC-BY-SA-4.0",
        "license_name": "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
        "requires_attribution": true,
        "share_alike": true,
        "attribution": "Fred Wierum (Own work), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Centrosaurus.png)"
      },
      {
        "media_id": 2650,
        "title": "NHM-UK_P_DF118_03_22_0337",
        "category": "Register",
        "url": "https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/b018b6a2-6041-425b-a02c-8c16e4c3be1e",
        "page_url": null,
        "source": "nhm",
        "rights_holder": "The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London",
        "catalog_number": "PV R 4244",
        "license_id": "CC-BY-4.0",
        "license_name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "requires_attribution": true,
        "share_alike": false,
        "attribution": "The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/b018b6a2-6041-425b-a02c-8c16e4c3be1e)"
      },
      {
        "media_id": 2649,
        "title": "NHM-UK_P_DF118_03_22_0455",
        "category": "Register",
        "url": "https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/9314fbf2-fece-4a94-8767-1fd996a7eef3",
        "page_url": null,
        "source": "nhm",
        "rights_holder": "The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London",
        "catalog_number": "PV R 4859",
        "license_id": "CC-BY-4.0",
        "license_name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "requires_attribution": true,
        "share_alike": false,
        "attribution": "The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/9314fbf2-fece-4a94-8767-1fd996a7eef3)"
      }
    ],
    "derived_ages": {
      "specimens": 2,
      "ics_version": "v2024/12"
    },
    "references": 116
  },
  "credits_markdown": "## Centrosaurus: Sources & credits\n\n_Scope: confirmed matches only._\n\n### Data\n- **Paleobiology Database** (https://paleobiodb.org): [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Data from the Paleobiology Database (https://paleobiodb.org), licensed CC BY 4.0. Retrieved 4 October 2026, 5 October 2026, 10 October 2026, 11 October 2026.\n- **Natural History Museum Data Portal** (https://data.nhm.ac.uk): [Creative Commons Zero 1.0 (public domain dedication)](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/). Natural History Museum (London) Data Portal, Collection specimens dataset, https://doi.org/10.5519/0002965. Image licenses vary per record. Retrieved 5 October 2026, 10 October 2026. _Credited as a courtesy: this licence doesn't require attribution._\n- **Wikidata** (https://www.wikidata.org): [Creative Commons Zero 1.0 (public domain dedication)](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/). Data from Wikidata (https://www.wikidata.org), CC0 1.0. Retrieved 10 October 2026. _Credited as a courtesy: this licence doesn't require attribution._\n\nAges for 2 specimen(s) were derived from their stage names using the ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2024/12 (International Commission on Stratigraphy), via the Paleobiology Database (CC BY 4.0).\n\n### Images (4)\n- “File:Centrosaurus.JPG” (Taxon image): Sainterx (Own work), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Centrosaurus.JPG). [Public domain (released by the author, Wikimedia Commons)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-self).\n- “File:Centrosaurus.png” (Taxon image): Fred Wierum (Own work), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Centrosaurus.png). [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Shown unmodified (share-alike licence).\n- “NHM-UK_P_DF118_03_22_0337” (specimen PV R 4244): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/b018b6a2-6041-425b-a02c-8c16e4c3be1e). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “NHM-UK_P_DF118_03_22_0455” (specimen PV R 4859): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/9314fbf2-fece-4a94-8767-1fd996a7eef3). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n\n### Scientific references\n\n116 published reference(s) support this entry (via the Paleobiology Database).\n",
  "notice": "Omnisaura data combines sources under different licences. Every genus file lists its credits; anyone showing a value must show the credits for it. Images keep their own licences; share-alike images may only be shown unmodified.",
  "fossil_basis": "body",
  "identifiers": [
    {
      "scheme": "pbdb",
      "name": "Paleobiology Database",
      "id": "38854",
      "url": "https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=38854"
    },
    {
      "scheme": "enwiki",
      "name": "Wikipedia (English)",
      "id": "Centrosaurus",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrosaurus"
    },
    {
      "scheme": "gbif",
      "name": "GBIF",
      "id": "7236956",
      "url": "https://www.gbif.org/species/7236956"
    },
    {
      "scheme": "wikidata",
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "id": "Q131589",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131589"
    }
  ],
  "other_names": {
    "species": [
      "Centrosaurus apertus",
      "Centrosaurus longirostris"
    ],
    "synonyms": []
  },
  "original_description": {
    "citation": "L. M. Lambe (1905). On the squamoso-parietal crest of the horned dinosaurs Centrosaurus apertus and Monoclonius canadensis from the Cretaceous of Alberta. Proceedings and Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, series 2 10(4): 1–9.",
    "authors": "L. M. Lambe",
    "year": 1905,
    "title": "On the squamoso-parietal crest of the horned dinosaurs Centrosaurus apertus and Monoclonius canadensis from the Cretaceous of Alberta",
    "publication": "Proceedings and Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, series 2",
    "volume": "10",
    "issue": "4",
    "pages": "1–9",
    "doi": null,
    "url": null,
    "what": "The publication the Paleobiology Database gives as the authority for this genus name, usually the one that first named and described it.",
    "confidence": {
      "level": "medium",
      "reasons": [
        "Only PBDB gives this; its author and year match the naming authority (Lambe 1905)."
      ]
    },
    "source": "pbdb",
    "source_name": "Paleobiology Database",
    "license_id": "CC-BY-4.0",
    "pbdb_reference_no": "13668"
  },
  "summary": "Omnisaura summary: Centrosaurus, Lambe 1905\n\n- Named by: Lambe 1905 (medium confidence: only PBDB gives this; nothing contradicts it).\n- Family: Ceratopsidae (high confidence: PBDB and NHM agree).\n- Order: Ornithischia (medium confidence: only NHM gives this; nothing contradicts it).\n- Parent group: Centrosaurini (medium confidence: only PBDB gives this; nothing contradicts it).\n- Age, as published by the Paleobiology Database: Campanian to Maastrichtian, 83.6–66 million years ago (medium confidence: only PBDB gives a range this precise; NHM's records give only a broader interval, which contains it).\n- Age, Omnisaura's own calculation (not a published figure): 83.6–66 million years ago (medium confidence: Omnisaura's calculation from 57 confirmed PBDB records).\n- Fossils found in: Canada (high: NHM and PBDB both record it); United States (medium: only PBDB records it (3 records)).\n- Rock formations: Dinosaur Park (medium: only PBDB records it (47 records)); Judith River Formation (medium: only PBDB records it (2 records)); Oldman (medium: only PBDB records it (4 records)); Belly River Series (low: only NHM gives this name and it matches no PBDB formation; awaiting an editor).\n- Original description: L. M. Lambe (1905). On the squamoso-parietal crest of the horned dinosaurs Centrosaurus apertus and Monoclonius canadensis from the Cretaceous of Alberta. Proceedings and Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, series 2 10(4): 1–9. (medium confidence: only PBDB gives this; its author and year match the naming authority (Lambe 1905)).\n- Diet, inferred by PBDB for the group: herbivore (medium confidence: only PBDB gives this, and it infers it for the whole of Ceratopsia, the group this genus belongs to, not from this genus's own fossils).\n- Way of life, inferred by PBDB for the group: ground dwelling (low confidence: PBDB infers this way of life for the whole of Ceratopsia; behaviour is rarely known for one genus).\n- Common names: セントロサウルス (medium confidence: only Wikidata gives this; nothing contradicts it).\n\nNot known or disputed:\n- Formations: sources disagree (NHM says Belly River Series). Awaiting an Omnisaura editor.\n- Type species: no source Omnisaura uses gives this.\n- Named after: no source Omnisaura uses gives this.\n\nNot covered by Omnisaura: size, weight, appearance, or behaviour beyond the way of life PBDB infers for the group. Do not fill these in from general knowledge as if they came from Omnisaura.\n\nCredits (must be shown with any of this): Natural History Museum Data Portal (CC0-1.0); Paleobiology Database (CC-BY-4.0); Wikidata (CC0-1.0)."
}