{ "schema": "omnisaura.snapshot/v3", "uid": "omnisaura:profile:carnotaurus", "genus": "Carnotaurus", "data_as_of": "2026-10-05", "raw_run": "2026-10-05", "profile": { "name": { "value": "Carnotaurus", "rule": "PBDB leads", "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb", "synthesis": false, "sources": [ { "source": "pbdb", "license": "CC-BY-4.0" } ] }, "authority": { "value": "Bonaparte 1985", "rule": "PBDB leads", "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb", "synthesis": false, "sources": [ { "source": "pbdb", "license": "CC-BY-4.0" } ] }, "type_species": { "value": null, "rule": null, "rule_id": null, "synthesis": false, "sources": [] }, "order": { "value": null, "rule": null, "rule_id": null, "synthesis": false, "sources": [] }, "family": { "value": "Abelisauridae", "rule": "PBDB leads", "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb", "synthesis": false, "sources": [ { "source": "pbdb", "license": "CC-BY-4.0" } ] }, "parent_name": { "value": "Furileusauria", "rule": "PBDB leads", "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb", "synthesis": false, "sources": [ { "source": "pbdb", "license": "CC-BY-4.0" } ] }, "headline": { "value": [ 72.2, 66.0, "Maastrichtian", null ], "rule": "PBDB leads", "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb", "synthesis": false, "sources": [ { "source": "pbdb", "license": "CC-BY-4.0" } ] }, "evidence": { "value": [ 72.2, 66.0 ], "rule": "Omnisaura synthesis: span of confirmed PBDB records", "rule_id": "merge:omnisaura_synthesis_confirmed_occurrences", "synthesis": true, "sources": [ { "source": "pbdb", "license": "CC-BY-4.0" } ] }, "countries": { "value": [ "AR" ], "rule": "Union of all sources (ISO 3166)", "rule_id": "merge:union_iso3166", "synthesis": false, "sources": [ { "source": "pbdb", "license": "CC-BY-4.0" } ] }, "formations": { "value": [ "La Colonia" ], "rule": "Canonical names, automatic and editor-approved matches applied", "rule_id": "merge:canonical_formations", "synthesis": false, "sources": [ { "source": "pbdb", "license": "CC-BY-4.0" } ] }, "diet": { "value": "carnivore", "rule": "PBDB, inferred from a group the genus belongs to", "rule_id": "merge:inferred_pbdb", "synthesis": false, "sources": [ { "source": "pbdb", "license": "CC-BY-4.0" } ] }, "life_habit": { "value": "ground dwelling, solitary", "rule": "PBDB, inferred from a group the genus belongs to", "rule_id": "merge:inferred_pbdb", "synthesis": false, "sources": [ { "source": "pbdb", "license": "CC-BY-4.0" } ] }, "common_names": { "value": null, "rule": null, "rule_id": null, "synthesis": false, "sources": [] }, "named_after": { "value": null, "rule": null, "rule_id": null, "synthesis": false, "sources": [] } }, "confidence": { "name": { "level": "high", "basis": "corroborated", "reasons": [ "PBDB and Wikidata identify the same genus." ] }, "authority": { "level": "high", "basis": "corroborated", "reasons": [ "PBDB and Wikidata agree." ] }, "parent_name": { "level": "medium", "basis": "single_source", "reasons": [ "Only PBDB gives this; nothing contradicts it." ], "source": "PBDB" }, "family": { "level": "medium", "basis": "single_source", "reasons": [ "Only PBDB gives this; nothing contradicts it." ], "source": "PBDB" }, "headline": { "level": "medium", "basis": "single_source", "reasons": [ "Only PBDB gives this; nothing contradicts it." ], "source": "PBDB" }, "evidence": { "level": "low", "basis": "thin", "reasons": [ "Omnisaura's calculation from only 1 dated record(s)." ] }, "diet": { "level": "medium", "basis": "single_source", "reasons": [ "Only PBDB gives this, and it infers it for the whole of Theropoda, the group this genus belongs to, not from this genus's own fossils." ], "source": "PBDB" }, "life_habit": { "level": "low", "basis": "thin", "reasons": [ "PBDB infers this way of life for the whole of Theropoda; behaviour is rarely known for one genus." ] }, "countries": { "level": "low", "basis": "items", "reasons": [ "See each entry." ], "items": [ { "value": "AR", "level": "low", "basis": "thin", "reasons": [ "Only one PBDB record." ] } ] }, "formations": { "level": "low", "basis": "items", "reasons": [ "See each entry." ], "items": [ { "value": "La Colonia", "level": "low", "basis": "thin", "reasons": [ "Only one PBDB record." ] } ] } }, "gaps": { "missing": [ { "field": "type_species", "label": "Type species", "note": "No source we use gives this yet." }, { "field": "order", "label": "Order", "note": "No source we use gives this yet." }, { "field": "common_names", "label": "Common names", "note": "No source we use gives this yet." }, { "field": "named_after", "label": "Named after", "note": "No source we use gives this yet." } ], "single_source": [ { "field": "parent_name", "label": "Parent group", "source": "PBDB" }, { "field": "family", "label": "Family", "source": "PBDB" }, { "field": "headline", "label": "Age (headline)", "source": "PBDB" }, { "field": "diet", "label": "Diet", "source": "PBDB" } ], "disputed": [], "withheld": [] }, "assessment": { "levels": { "high": "Two independent sources agree, or an editor has ruled.", "medium": "One source; nothing contradicts it.", "low": "Sources disagree and no editor has ruled yet, or too few records." }, "by": "Omnisaura", "license_id": "OMNISAURA-EDITORIAL" }, "formation_matches": [], "credits": { "genus": "Carnotaurus", "scope": "confirmed matches only", "data_sources": [ { "values": 1666, "retrieved": [ "2026-10-04", "2026-10-05", "2026-10-11" ], "source": "pbdb", "license_id": "CC-BY-4.0", "license_name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "requires_attribution": true, "attribution": "Data from the Paleobiology Database (https://paleobiodb.org), licensed CC BY 4.0.", "source_name": "Paleobiology Database", "homepage": "https://paleobiodb.org" }, { "values": 25, "retrieved": [ "2026-10-05" ], "source": "wikidata", "license_id": "CC0-1.0", "license_name": "Creative Commons Zero 1.0 (public domain dedication)", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/", "requires_attribution": false, "attribution": "Data from Wikidata (https://www.wikidata.org), CC0 1.0.", "source_name": "Wikidata", "homepage": "https://www.wikidata.org" } ], "images": [ { "media_id": 142, "title": "File:Carnotaurus Reconstruction (2022).png", "category": "Taxon image", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Carnotaurus_Reconstruction_%282022%29.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carnotaurus_Reconstruction_(2022).png", "source": "commons", "rights_holder": "Fred Wierum", "catalog_number": null, "license_id": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "license_name": "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "requires_attribution": true, "share_alike": true, "attribution": "Fred Wierum (Own work), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carnotaurus_Reconstruction_(2022).png)" }, { "media_id": 143, "title": "File:Carnotaurus Skull.jpg", "category": "Taxon image", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Carnotaurus_Skull.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carnotaurus_Skull.jpg", "source": "commons", "rights_holder": "AStrangerintheAlps", "catalog_number": null, "license_id": "CC-BY-SA-3.0", "license_name": "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/", "requires_attribution": true, "share_alike": true, "attribution": "AStrangerintheAlps (Own work), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carnotaurus_Skull.jpg)" }, { "media_id": 144, "title": "File:Carnotaurus reconstruction Headden.jpg", "category": "Taxon image", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Carnotaurus_reconstruction_Headden.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carnotaurus_reconstruction_Headden.jpg", "source": "commons", "rights_holder": "Jaime A. Headden (User:Qilong)", "catalog_number": null, "license_id": "CC-BY-3.0", "license_name": "Creative Commons Attribution 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/", "requires_attribution": true, "share_alike": false, "attribution": "Jaime A. Headden (User:Qilong) (http://qilong.deviantart.com/art/Raging-Meat-Bull-107722335), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carnotaurus_reconstruction_Headden.jpg)" }, { "media_id": 145, "title": "File:Carnotaurus skin.jpg", "category": "Taxon image", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Carnotaurus_skin.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carnotaurus_skin.jpg", "source": "commons", "rights_holder": "Published by Rafael Delcourt.", "catalog_number": null, "license_id": "CC-BY-4.0", "license_name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "requires_attribution": true, "share_alike": false, "attribution": "Published by Rafael Delcourt. (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-28154-x), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carnotaurus_skin.jpg)" }, { "media_id": 141, "title": "File:Carnotaurus, Chlupáč Museum, Prague-2.jpg", "category": "Taxon image", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Carnotaurus%2C_Chlup%C3%A1%C4%8D_Museum%2C_Prague-2.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carnotaurus,_Chlup%C3%A1%C4%8D_Museum,_Prague-2.jpg", "source": "commons", "rights_holder": "Carnotaurus, Chlupáč Museum, Prague-2.jpg: Czech Wikipedia user Packa derivative work: Hic et nunc", "catalog_number": null, "license_id": "CC-BY-SA-3.0", "license_name": "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/", "requires_attribution": true, "share_alike": true, "attribution": "Carnotaurus, Chlupáč Museum, Prague-2.jpg: Czech Wikipedia user Packa derivative work: Hic et nunc (This file was derived from: Carnotaurus, Chlupáč Museum, Prague-2.jpg:), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carnotaurus,_Chlup%C3%A1%C4%8D_Museum,_Prague-2.jpg)" } ], "derived_ages": null, "references": 94 }, "credits_markdown": "## Carnotaurus: Sources & credits\n\n_Scope: confirmed matches only._\n\n### Data\n- **Paleobiology Database** (https://paleobiodb.org): [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Data from the Paleobiology Database (https://paleobiodb.org), licensed CC BY 4.0. Retrieved 4 October 2026, 5 October 2026, 11 October 2026.\n- **Wikidata** (https://www.wikidata.org): [Creative Commons Zero 1.0 (public domain dedication)](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/). Data from Wikidata (https://www.wikidata.org), CC0 1.0. Retrieved 5 October 2026. _Credited as a courtesy: this licence doesn't require attribution._\n\n### Images (5)\n- “File:Carnotaurus Reconstruction (2022).png” (Taxon image): Fred Wierum (Own work), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carnotaurus_Reconstruction_(2022).png). [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Shown unmodified (share-alike licence).\n- “File:Carnotaurus Skull.jpg” (Taxon image): AStrangerintheAlps (Own work), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carnotaurus_Skull.jpg). [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/). Shown unmodified (share-alike licence).\n- “File:Carnotaurus reconstruction Headden.jpg” (Taxon image): Jaime A. Headden (User:Qilong) (http://qilong.deviantart.com/art/Raging-Meat-Bull-107722335), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carnotaurus_reconstruction_Headden.jpg). [Creative Commons Attribution 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).\n- “File:Carnotaurus skin.jpg” (Taxon image): Published by Rafael Delcourt. (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-28154-x), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carnotaurus_skin.jpg). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “File:Carnotaurus, Chlupáč Museum, Prague-2.jpg” (Taxon image): Carnotaurus, Chlupáč Museum, Prague-2.jpg: Czech Wikipedia user Packa derivative work: Hic et nunc (This file was derived from: Carnotaurus, Chlupáč Museum, Prague-2.jpg:), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carnotaurus,_Chlup%C3%A1%C4%8D_Museum,_Prague-2.jpg). [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/). Shown unmodified (share-alike licence).\n\n### Scientific references\n\n94 published reference(s) support this entry (via the Paleobiology Database).\n", "notice": "Omnisaura data combines sources under different licences. Every genus file lists its credits; anyone showing a value must show the credits for it. Images keep their own licences; share-alike images may only be shown unmodified.", "fossil_basis": "body", "identifiers": [ { "scheme": "pbdb", "name": "Paleobiology Database", "id": "54533", "url": "https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=54533" }, { "scheme": "enwiki", "name": "Wikipedia (English)", "id": "Carnotaurus", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnotaurus" }, { "scheme": "gbif", "name": "GBIF", "id": "4822830", "url": "https://www.gbif.org/species/4822830" }, { "scheme": "wikidata", "name": "Wikidata", "id": "Q18510948", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18510948" } ], "other_names": { "species": [ "Carnotaurus sastrei" ], "synonyms": [] }, "original_description": { "citation": "J. F. Bonaparte (1985). A horned Cretaceous carnosaur from Patagonia. National Geographic Research 1(1): 149–151.", "authors": "J. F. Bonaparte", "year": 1985, "title": "A horned Cretaceous carnosaur from Patagonia", "publication": "National Geographic Research", "volume": "1", "issue": "1", "pages": "149–151", "doi": null, "url": null, "what": "The publication the Paleobiology Database gives as the authority for this genus name, usually the one that first named and described it.", "confidence": { "level": "high", "reasons": [ "PBDB gives this publication for the name; its author and year match the naming authority (Bonaparte 1985), on which PBDB and Wikidata agree." ] }, "source": "pbdb", "source_name": "Paleobiology Database", "license_id": "CC-BY-4.0", "pbdb_reference_no": "13927" }, "summary": "Omnisaura summary: Carnotaurus, Bonaparte 1985\n\n- Named by: Bonaparte 1985 (high confidence: PBDB and Wikidata agree).\n- Family: Abelisauridae (medium confidence: only PBDB gives this; nothing contradicts it).\n- Parent group: Furileusauria (medium confidence: only PBDB gives this; nothing contradicts it).\n- Age, as published by the Paleobiology Database: Maastrichtian, 72.2–66 million years ago (medium confidence: only PBDB gives this; nothing contradicts it).\n- Age, Omnisaura's own calculation (not a published figure): 72.2–66 million years ago (low confidence: Omnisaura's calculation from only 1 dated record(s)).\n- Fossils found in: Argentina (low: only one PBDB record).\n- Rock formations: La Colonia (low: only one PBDB record).\n- Original description: J. F. Bonaparte (1985). A horned Cretaceous carnosaur from Patagonia. National Geographic Research 1(1): 149–151. (high confidence: PBDB gives this publication for the name; its author and year match the naming authority (Bonaparte 1985), on which PBDB and Wikidata agree).\n- Diet, inferred by PBDB for the group: carnivore (medium confidence: only PBDB gives this, and it infers it for the whole of Theropoda, the group this genus belongs to, not from this genus's own fossils).\n- Way of life, inferred by PBDB for the group: ground dwelling, solitary (low confidence: PBDB infers this way of life for the whole of Theropoda; behaviour is rarely known for one genus).\n\nNot known or disputed:\n- Type species: no source Omnisaura uses gives this.\n- Order: no source Omnisaura uses gives this.\n- Common names: no source Omnisaura uses gives this.\n- Named after: no source Omnisaura uses gives this.\n\nNot covered by Omnisaura: size, weight, appearance, or behaviour beyond the way of life PBDB infers for the group. Do not fill these in from general knowledge as if they came from Omnisaura.\n\nCredits (must be shown with any of this): Paleobiology Database (CC-BY-4.0); Wikidata (CC0-1.0)." }