{
  "schema": "omnisaura.snapshot/v3",
  "uid": "omnisaura:profile:camarasaurus",
  "genus": "Camarasaurus",
  "data_as_of": "2026-10-05",
  "raw_run": "2026-10-05",
  "profile": {
    "name": {
      "value": "Camarasaurus",
      "rule": "PBDB leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "authority": {
      "value": "Cope 1877",
      "rule": "PBDB leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "type_species": {
      "value": null,
      "rule": null,
      "rule_id": null,
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": []
    },
    "order": {
      "value": "Saurischia",
      "rule": "Gap filled from NHM",
      "rule_id": "merge:gap_fill_nhm",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "nhm",
          "license": "CC0-1.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "family": {
      "value": "Camarasauridae",
      "rule": "PBDB leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        },
        {
          "source": "nhm",
          "license": "CC0-1.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "parent_name": {
      "value": "Camarasauridae",
      "rule": "PBDB leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "headline": {
      "value": [
        161.5,
        143.1,
        "Oxfordian",
        "Tithonian"
      ],
      "rule": "PBDB leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "evidence": {
      "value": [
        161.5,
        143.1
      ],
      "rule": "Omnisaura synthesis: span of confirmed PBDB records",
      "rule_id": "merge:omnisaura_synthesis_confirmed_occurrences",
      "synthesis": true,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "countries": {
      "value": [
        "US"
      ],
      "rule": "Union of all sources (ISO 3166)",
      "rule_id": "merge:union_iso3166",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        },
        {
          "source": "nhm",
          "license": "CC0-1.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "formations": {
      "value": [
        "Morrison Formation"
      ],
      "rule": "Canonical names, automatic and editor-approved matches applied",
      "rule_id": "merge:canonical_formations",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        },
        {
          "source": "nhm",
          "license": "CC0-1.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "diet": {
      "value": "herbivore",
      "rule": "PBDB, inferred from a group the genus belongs to",
      "rule_id": "merge:inferred_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "life_habit": {
      "value": "ground dwelling, gregarious",
      "rule": "PBDB, inferred from a group the genus belongs to",
      "rule_id": "merge:inferred_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "common_names": {
      "value": [
        "en:Camarasaurus (\"chambered lizard\")"
      ],
      "rule": "Wikidata leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_wikidata",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "wikidata",
          "license": "CC0-1.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "named_after": {
      "value": null,
      "rule": null,
      "rule_id": null,
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": []
    }
  },
  "confidence": {
    "name": {
      "level": "high",
      "basis": "corroborated",
      "reasons": [
        "PBDB and Wikidata identify the same genus."
      ]
    },
    "authority": {
      "level": "high",
      "basis": "corroborated",
      "reasons": [
        "PBDB and Wikidata agree."
      ]
    },
    "parent_name": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "single_source",
      "reasons": [
        "Only PBDB gives this; nothing contradicts it."
      ],
      "source": "PBDB"
    },
    "family": {
      "level": "high",
      "basis": "corroborated",
      "reasons": [
        "PBDB and NHM agree."
      ]
    },
    "order": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "single_source",
      "reasons": [
        "Only NHM gives this; nothing contradicts it."
      ],
      "source": "NHM"
    },
    "headline": {
      "level": "high",
      "basis": "corroborated",
      "reasons": [
        "PBDB and NHM agree."
      ]
    },
    "evidence": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "reasons": [
        "Omnisaura's calculation from 123 confirmed PBDB records."
      ]
    },
    "common_names": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "single_source",
      "reasons": [
        "Only Wikidata gives this; nothing contradicts it."
      ],
      "source": "Wikidata"
    },
    "diet": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "single_source",
      "reasons": [
        "Only PBDB gives this, and it infers it for the whole of Sauropoda, the group this genus belongs to, not from this genus's own fossils."
      ],
      "source": "PBDB"
    },
    "life_habit": {
      "level": "low",
      "basis": "thin",
      "reasons": [
        "PBDB infers this way of life for the whole of Sauropoda; behaviour is rarely known for one genus."
      ]
    },
    "countries": {
      "level": "high",
      "basis": "items",
      "reasons": [
        "See each entry."
      ],
      "items": [
        {
          "value": "US",
          "level": "high",
          "basis": "corroborated",
          "reasons": [
            "NHM and PBDB both record it."
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    "formations": {
      "level": "high",
      "basis": "items",
      "reasons": [
        "See each entry."
      ],
      "items": [
        {
          "value": "Morrison Formation",
          "level": "high",
          "basis": "corroborated",
          "reasons": [
            "NHM and PBDB both record it."
          ]
        }
      ]
    }
  },
  "gaps": {
    "missing": [
      {
        "field": "type_species",
        "label": "Type species",
        "note": "No source we use gives this yet."
      },
      {
        "field": "named_after",
        "label": "Named after",
        "note": "No source we use gives this yet."
      }
    ],
    "single_source": [
      {
        "field": "parent_name",
        "label": "Parent group",
        "source": "PBDB"
      },
      {
        "field": "order",
        "label": "Order",
        "source": "NHM"
      },
      {
        "field": "common_names",
        "label": "Common names",
        "source": "Wikidata"
      },
      {
        "field": "diet",
        "label": "Diet",
        "source": "PBDB"
      }
    ],
    "disputed": [],
    "withheld": [
      {
        "records": "occurrences",
        "status": "related_other_genus",
        "count": 1,
        "reason": "occurrences with status related_other_genus"
      },
      {
        "records": "occurrences",
        "status": "tentative",
        "count": 14,
        "reason": "PBDB fossil records identified only tentatively (for example 'cf.', '?', or the genus name in quotation marks, PBDB's mark for a loose use)"
      }
    ]
  },
  "assessment": {
    "levels": {
      "high": "Two independent sources agree, or an editor has ruled.",
      "medium": "One source; nothing contradicts it.",
      "low": "Sources disagree and no editor has ruled yet, or too few records."
    },
    "by": "Omnisaura",
    "license_id": "OMNISAURA-EDITORIAL"
  },
  "formation_matches": [
    {
      "name": "Morrison",
      "same_as": "Morrison Formation",
      "status": "automatic",
      "ruling": null
    }
  ],
  "credits": {
    "genus": "Camarasaurus",
    "scope": "confirmed matches only",
    "data_sources": [
      {
        "values": 9126,
        "retrieved": [
          "2026-10-04",
          "2026-10-05",
          "2026-10-11"
        ],
        "source": "pbdb",
        "license_id": "CC-BY-4.0",
        "license_name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "requires_attribution": true,
        "attribution": "Data from the Paleobiology Database (https://paleobiodb.org), licensed CC BY 4.0.",
        "source_name": "Paleobiology Database",
        "homepage": "https://paleobiodb.org"
      },
      {
        "values": 62,
        "retrieved": [
          "2026-10-04",
          "2026-10-05"
        ],
        "source": "nhm",
        "license_id": "CC0-1.0",
        "license_name": "Creative Commons Zero 1.0 (public domain dedication)",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
        "requires_attribution": false,
        "attribution": "Natural History Museum (London) Data Portal, Collection specimens dataset, https://doi.org/10.5519/0002965. Image licenses vary per record.",
        "source_name": "Natural History Museum Data Portal",
        "homepage": "https://data.nhm.ac.uk"
      },
      {
        "values": 30,
        "retrieved": [
          "2026-10-05"
        ],
        "source": "wikidata",
        "license_id": "CC0-1.0",
        "license_name": "Creative Commons Zero 1.0 (public domain dedication)",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
        "requires_attribution": false,
        "attribution": "Data from Wikidata (https://www.wikidata.org), CC0 1.0.",
        "source_name": "Wikidata",
        "homepage": "https://www.wikidata.org"
      }
    ],
    "images": [
      {
        "media_id": 664,
        "title": "File:MUJA-Sauropod.JPG",
        "category": "Taxon image",
        "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/MUJA-Sauropod.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
        "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MUJA-Sauropod.JPG",
        "source": "commons",
        "rights_holder": "Mario modesto",
        "catalog_number": null,
        "license_id": "CC-BY-SA-3.0",
        "license_name": "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/",
        "requires_attribution": true,
        "share_alike": true,
        "attribution": "Mario modesto (Own work), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MUJA-Sauropod.JPG)"
      },
      {
        "media_id": 663,
        "title": "NHMUK PV R 12154 Camarasaurus in gallery left lateral view",
        "category": "Specimen",
        "url": "https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/6846b41a-479c-4e36-a24c-afd78db09d63",
        "page_url": null,
        "source": "nhm",
        "rights_holder": "The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London",
        "catalog_number": "PV R 12154",
        "license_id": "CC-BY-4.0",
        "license_name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "requires_attribution": true,
        "share_alike": false,
        "attribution": "The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/6846b41a-479c-4e36-a24c-afd78db09d63)"
      },
      {
        "media_id": 661,
        "title": "NHMUK PV R 12154 Camarasaurus in the gallery",
        "category": "Specimen",
        "url": "https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/db6898d0-2bdd-4257-98b2-d32d328f80c2",
        "page_url": null,
        "source": "nhm",
        "rights_holder": "The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London",
        "catalog_number": "PV R 12154",
        "license_id": "CC-BY-4.0",
        "license_name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "requires_attribution": true,
        "share_alike": false,
        "attribution": "The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/db6898d0-2bdd-4257-98b2-d32d328f80c2)"
      },
      {
        "media_id": 662,
        "title": "NHMUK PV R 12154 Camarasaurus ventral view of neck",
        "category": "Specimen",
        "url": "https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/3595e0a2-be03-4085-aafe-4e1c0a87cf22",
        "page_url": null,
        "source": "nhm",
        "rights_holder": "The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London",
        "catalog_number": "PV R 12154",
        "license_id": "CC-BY-4.0",
        "license_name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "requires_attribution": true,
        "share_alike": false,
        "attribution": "The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/3595e0a2-be03-4085-aafe-4e1c0a87cf22)"
      }
    ],
    "derived_ages": {
      "specimens": 2,
      "ics_version": "v2024/12"
    },
    "references": 304
  },
  "credits_markdown": "## Camarasaurus: Sources & credits\n\n_Scope: confirmed matches only._\n\n### Data\n- **Paleobiology Database** (https://paleobiodb.org): [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Data from the Paleobiology Database (https://paleobiodb.org), licensed CC BY 4.0. Retrieved 4 October 2026, 5 October 2026, 11 October 2026.\n- **Natural History Museum Data Portal** (https://data.nhm.ac.uk): [Creative Commons Zero 1.0 (public domain dedication)](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/). Natural History Museum (London) Data Portal, Collection specimens dataset, https://doi.org/10.5519/0002965. Image licenses vary per record. Retrieved 4 October 2026, 5 October 2026. _Credited as a courtesy: this licence doesn't require attribution._\n- **Wikidata** (https://www.wikidata.org): [Creative Commons Zero 1.0 (public domain dedication)](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/). Data from Wikidata (https://www.wikidata.org), CC0 1.0. Retrieved 5 October 2026. _Credited as a courtesy: this licence doesn't require attribution._\n\nAges for 2 specimen(s) were derived from their stage names using the ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2024/12 (International Commission on Stratigraphy), via the Paleobiology Database (CC BY 4.0).\n\n### Images (4)\n- “File:MUJA-Sauropod.JPG” (Taxon image): Mario modesto (Own work), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MUJA-Sauropod.JPG). [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/). Shown unmodified (share-alike licence).\n- “NHMUK PV R 12154 Camarasaurus in gallery left lateral view” (specimen PV R 12154): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/6846b41a-479c-4e36-a24c-afd78db09d63). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “NHMUK PV R 12154 Camarasaurus in the gallery” (specimen PV R 12154): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/db6898d0-2bdd-4257-98b2-d32d328f80c2). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “NHMUK PV R 12154 Camarasaurus ventral view of neck” (specimen PV R 12154): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/3595e0a2-be03-4085-aafe-4e1c0a87cf22). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n\n### Scientific references\n\n304 published reference(s) support this entry (via the Paleobiology Database).\n",
  "notice": "Omnisaura data combines sources under different licences. Every genus file lists its credits; anyone showing a value must show the credits for it. Images keep their own licences; share-alike images may only be shown unmodified.",
  "fossil_basis": "body",
  "identifiers": [
    {
      "scheme": "pbdb",
      "name": "Paleobiology Database",
      "id": "38697",
      "url": "https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=38697"
    },
    {
      "scheme": "enwiki",
      "name": "Wikipedia (English)",
      "id": "Camarasaurus",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camarasaurus"
    },
    {
      "scheme": "gbif",
      "name": "GBIF",
      "id": "4822799",
      "url": "https://www.gbif.org/species/4822799"
    },
    {
      "scheme": "wikidata",
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "id": "Q14419",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14419"
    }
  ],
  "other_names": {
    "species": [
      "Camarasaurus annae",
      "Camarasaurus grandis",
      "Camarasaurus lentus",
      "Camarasaurus leptodirus",
      "Camarasaurus supremus"
    ],
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Cathetosaurus",
        "status": "subjective synonym of",
        "authority": "Jensen 1988"
      },
      {
        "name": "Caulodon",
        "status": "subjective synonym of",
        "authority": "Cope 1877"
      },
      {
        "name": "Morosaurus",
        "status": "subjective synonym of",
        "authority": "Marsh 1878"
      },
      {
        "name": "Uintasaurus",
        "status": "subjective synonym of",
        "authority": "Holland 1919"
      }
    ]
  },
  "original_description": {
    "citation": "E. D. Cope (1877). On a gigantic saurian from the Dakota epoch of Colorado. Paleontological Bulletin 25: 5–10.",
    "authors": "E. D. Cope",
    "year": 1877,
    "title": "On a gigantic saurian from the Dakota epoch of Colorado",
    "publication": "Paleontological Bulletin",
    "volume": "25",
    "issue": null,
    "pages": "5–10",
    "doi": null,
    "url": null,
    "what": "The publication the Paleobiology Database gives as the authority for this genus name, usually the one that first named and described it.",
    "confidence": {
      "level": "high",
      "reasons": [
        "PBDB gives this publication for the name; its author and year match the naming authority (Cope 1877), on which PBDB and Wikidata agree."
      ]
    },
    "source": "pbdb",
    "source_name": "Paleobiology Database",
    "license_id": "CC-BY-4.0",
    "pbdb_reference_no": "7239"
  },
  "summary": "Omnisaura summary: Camarasaurus, Cope 1877\n\n- Named by: Cope 1877 (high confidence: PBDB and Wikidata agree).\n- Family: Camarasauridae (high confidence: PBDB and NHM agree).\n- Order: Saurischia (medium confidence: only NHM gives this; nothing contradicts it).\n- Parent group: Camarasauridae (medium confidence: only PBDB gives this; nothing contradicts it).\n- Age, as published by the Paleobiology Database: Oxfordian to Tithonian, 161.5–143.1 million years ago (high confidence: PBDB and NHM agree).\n- Age, Omnisaura's own calculation (not a published figure): 161.5–143.1 million years ago (medium confidence: Omnisaura's calculation from 123 confirmed PBDB records).\n- Fossils found in: United States (high: NHM and PBDB both record it).\n- Rock formations: Morrison Formation (high: NHM and PBDB both record it).\n- Original description: E. D. Cope (1877). On a gigantic saurian from the Dakota epoch of Colorado. Paleontological Bulletin 25: 5–10. (high confidence: PBDB gives this publication for the name; its author and year match the naming authority (Cope 1877), on which PBDB and Wikidata agree).\n- Diet, inferred by PBDB for the group: herbivore (medium confidence: only PBDB gives this, and it infers it for the whole of Sauropoda, the group this genus belongs to, not from this genus's own fossils).\n- Way of life, inferred by PBDB for the group: ground dwelling, gregarious (low confidence: PBDB infers this way of life for the whole of Sauropoda; behaviour is rarely known for one genus).\n- Common names: Camarasaurus (\"chambered lizard\") (medium confidence: only Wikidata gives this; nothing contradicts it).\n\nNot known or disputed:\n- Type species: no source Omnisaura uses gives this.\n- Named after: no source Omnisaura uses gives this.\n- 1 record(s) left out: occurrences with status related_other_genus.\n- 14 record(s) left out: pBDB fossil records identified only tentatively (for example 'cf.', '?', or the genus name in quotation marks, PBDB's mark for a loose use).\n\nNot covered by Omnisaura: size, weight, appearance, or behaviour beyond the way of life PBDB infers for the group. Do not fill these in from general knowledge as if they came from Omnisaura.\n\nCredits (must be shown with any of this): Natural History Museum Data Portal (CC0-1.0); Paleobiology Database (CC-BY-4.0); Wikidata (CC0-1.0)."
}