{
  "schema": "omnisaura.snapshot/v3",
  "uid": "omnisaura:profile:acrocanthosaurus",
  "genus": "Acrocanthosaurus",
  "data_as_of": "2026-10-10",
  "raw_run": "2026-10-10_2",
  "profile": {
    "name": {
      "value": "Acrocanthosaurus",
      "rule": "PBDB leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "authority": {
      "value": "Stovall and Langston 1950",
      "rule": "PBDB leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "type_species": {
      "value": "Acrocanthosaurus atokensis",
      "rule": "PBDB leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "order": {
      "value": null,
      "rule": null,
      "rule_id": null,
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": []
    },
    "family": {
      "value": "Carcharodontosauridae",
      "rule": "PBDB leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "parent_name": {
      "value": "Carcharodontosauridae",
      "rule": "PBDB leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "headline": {
      "value": [
        121.4,
        93.9,
        "Aptian",
        "Cenomanian"
      ],
      "rule": "PBDB leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "evidence": {
      "value": [
        121.4,
        93.9
      ],
      "rule": "Omnisaura synthesis: span of confirmed PBDB records",
      "rule_id": "merge:omnisaura_synthesis_confirmed_occurrences",
      "synthesis": true,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "countries": {
      "value": [
        "US"
      ],
      "rule": "Union of all sources (ISO 3166)",
      "rule_id": "merge:union_iso3166",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "formations": {
      "value": [
        "Antlers",
        "Arundel Clay",
        "Cloverly Formation",
        "Holly Creek",
        "Turney Ranch",
        "Twin Mountains"
      ],
      "rule": "Canonical names, automatic and editor-approved matches applied",
      "rule_id": "merge:canonical_formations",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "diet": {
      "value": "carnivore",
      "rule": "PBDB, inferred from a group the genus belongs to",
      "rule_id": "merge:inferred_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "life_habit": {
      "value": "ground dwelling, solitary",
      "rule": "PBDB, inferred from a group the genus belongs to",
      "rule_id": "merge:inferred_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "common_names": {
      "value": [
        "ja:アクロカントサウルス",
        "zh:高棘龍"
      ],
      "rule": "Wikidata leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_wikidata",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "wikidata",
          "license": "CC0-1.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "named_after": {
      "value": null,
      "rule": null,
      "rule_id": null,
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": []
    }
  },
  "confidence": {
    "name": {
      "level": "high",
      "basis": "corroborated",
      "reasons": [
        "PBDB and Wikidata identify the same genus."
      ]
    },
    "authority": {
      "level": "high",
      "basis": "corroborated",
      "reasons": [
        "PBDB and Wikidata agree."
      ]
    },
    "type_species": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "single_source",
      "reasons": [
        "Only PBDB gives this; nothing contradicts it."
      ],
      "source": "PBDB"
    },
    "parent_name": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "single_source",
      "reasons": [
        "Only PBDB gives this; nothing contradicts it."
      ],
      "source": "PBDB"
    },
    "family": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "single_source",
      "reasons": [
        "Only PBDB gives this; nothing contradicts it."
      ],
      "source": "PBDB"
    },
    "headline": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "single_source",
      "reasons": [
        "Only PBDB gives this; nothing contradicts it."
      ],
      "source": "PBDB"
    },
    "evidence": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "reasons": [
        "Omnisaura's calculation from 9 confirmed PBDB records."
      ]
    },
    "common_names": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "single_source",
      "reasons": [
        "Only Wikidata gives this; nothing contradicts it."
      ],
      "source": "Wikidata"
    },
    "diet": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "single_source",
      "reasons": [
        "Only PBDB gives this, and it infers it for the whole of Theropoda, the group this genus belongs to, not from this genus's own fossils."
      ],
      "source": "PBDB"
    },
    "life_habit": {
      "level": "low",
      "basis": "thin",
      "reasons": [
        "PBDB infers this way of life for the whole of Theropoda; behaviour is rarely known for one genus."
      ]
    },
    "countries": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "items",
      "reasons": [
        "See each entry."
      ],
      "items": [
        {
          "value": "US",
          "level": "medium",
          "basis": "single_source",
          "reasons": [
            "Only PBDB records it (9 records)."
          ],
          "source": "PBDB"
        }
      ]
    },
    "formations": {
      "level": "mixed",
      "basis": "items",
      "reasons": [
        "Entries differ; see each entry."
      ],
      "items": [
        {
          "value": "Antlers",
          "level": "medium",
          "basis": "single_source",
          "reasons": [
            "Only PBDB records it (4 records)."
          ],
          "source": "PBDB"
        },
        {
          "value": "Arundel Clay",
          "level": "low",
          "basis": "thin",
          "reasons": [
            "Only one PBDB record."
          ]
        },
        {
          "value": "Cloverly Formation",
          "level": "low",
          "basis": "thin",
          "reasons": [
            "Only one PBDB record."
          ]
        },
        {
          "value": "Holly Creek",
          "level": "low",
          "basis": "thin",
          "reasons": [
            "Only one PBDB record."
          ]
        },
        {
          "value": "Turney Ranch",
          "level": "low",
          "basis": "thin",
          "reasons": [
            "Only one PBDB record."
          ]
        },
        {
          "value": "Twin Mountains",
          "level": "low",
          "basis": "thin",
          "reasons": [
            "Only one PBDB record."
          ]
        }
      ]
    }
  },
  "gaps": {
    "missing": [
      {
        "field": "order",
        "label": "Order",
        "note": "No source we use gives this yet."
      },
      {
        "field": "named_after",
        "label": "Named after",
        "note": "No source we use gives this yet."
      }
    ],
    "single_source": [
      {
        "field": "type_species",
        "label": "Type species",
        "source": "PBDB"
      },
      {
        "field": "parent_name",
        "label": "Parent group",
        "source": "PBDB"
      },
      {
        "field": "family",
        "label": "Family",
        "source": "PBDB"
      },
      {
        "field": "headline",
        "label": "Age (headline)",
        "source": "PBDB"
      },
      {
        "field": "common_names",
        "label": "Common names",
        "source": "Wikidata"
      },
      {
        "field": "diet",
        "label": "Diet",
        "source": "PBDB"
      }
    ],
    "disputed": [],
    "withheld": [
      {
        "records": "occurrences",
        "status": "tentative",
        "count": 5,
        "reason": "PBDB fossil records identified only tentatively (for example 'cf.', '?', or the genus name in quotation marks, PBDB's mark for a loose use)"
      }
    ]
  },
  "assessment": {
    "levels": {
      "high": "Two independent sources agree, or an editor has ruled.",
      "medium": "One source; nothing contradicts it.",
      "low": "Sources disagree and no editor has ruled yet, or too few records."
    },
    "by": "Omnisaura",
    "license_id": "OMNISAURA-EDITORIAL"
  },
  "formation_matches": [
    {
      "name": "Cloverly",
      "same_as": "Cloverly Formation",
      "status": "automatic",
      "ruling": null
    }
  ],
  "credits": {
    "genus": "Acrocanthosaurus",
    "scope": "confirmed matches only",
    "data_sources": [
      {
        "values": 1771,
        "retrieved": [
          "2026-10-04",
          "2026-10-05",
          "2026-10-10",
          "2026-10-11"
        ],
        "source": "pbdb",
        "license_id": "CC-BY-4.0",
        "license_name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "requires_attribution": true,
        "attribution": "Data from the Paleobiology Database (https://paleobiodb.org), licensed CC BY 4.0.",
        "source_name": "Paleobiology Database",
        "homepage": "https://paleobiodb.org"
      },
      {
        "values": 7,
        "retrieved": [
          "2026-10-05"
        ],
        "source": "nhm",
        "license_id": "CC0-1.0",
        "license_name": "Creative Commons Zero 1.0 (public domain dedication)",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
        "requires_attribution": false,
        "attribution": "Natural History Museum (London) Data Portal, Collection specimens dataset, https://doi.org/10.5519/0002965. Image licenses vary per record.",
        "source_name": "Natural History Museum Data Portal",
        "homepage": "https://data.nhm.ac.uk"
      },
      {
        "values": 34,
        "retrieved": [
          "2026-10-10"
        ],
        "source": "wikidata",
        "license_id": "CC0-1.0",
        "license_name": "Creative Commons Zero 1.0 (public domain dedication)",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
        "requires_attribution": false,
        "attribution": "Data from Wikidata (https://www.wikidata.org), CC0 1.0.",
        "source_name": "Wikidata",
        "homepage": "https://www.wikidata.org"
      }
    ],
    "images": [
      {
        "media_id": 2836,
        "title": "File:Acroc.jpg",
        "category": "Taxon image",
        "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Acroc.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
        "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Acroc.jpg",
        "source": "commons",
        "rights_holder": "Ryan Somma",
        "catalog_number": null,
        "license_id": "CC-BY-SA-2.0",
        "license_name": "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/",
        "requires_attribution": true,
        "share_alike": true,
        "attribution": "Ryan Somma (Acrocanthosaurus), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Acroc.jpg)"
      },
      {
        "media_id": 2837,
        "title": "File:Acrocanthosaurus atokensis.png",
        "category": "Taxon image",
        "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Acrocanthosaurus_atokensis.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
        "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Acrocanthosaurus_atokensis.png",
        "source": "commons",
        "rights_holder": "Petr Menshikov (https://twitter.com/Petr75113553; https://vk.com/prehistoricproduction)",
        "catalog_number": null,
        "license_id": "CC-BY-SA-4.0",
        "license_name": "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
        "requires_attribution": true,
        "share_alike": true,
        "attribution": "Petr Menshikov (https://twitter.com/Petr75113553; https://vk.com/prehistoricproduction) (Own work), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Acrocanthosaurus_atokensis.png)"
      },
      {
        "media_id": 2838,
        "title": "File:Acrocanthosaurusskeleton.jpg",
        "category": "Taxon image",
        "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Acrocanthosaurusskeleton.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
        "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Acrocanthosaurusskeleton.jpg",
        "source": "commons",
        "rights_holder": "Ryan Somma",
        "catalog_number": null,
        "license_id": "CC-BY-SA-2.0",
        "license_name": "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/",
        "requires_attribution": true,
        "share_alike": true,
        "attribution": "Ryan Somma (Acrocanthosaurus), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Acrocanthosaurusskeleton.jpg)"
      },
      {
        "media_id": 2839,
        "title": "File:Theropod courtship.jpg",
        "category": "Taxon image",
        "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Theropod_courtship.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
        "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Theropod_courtship.jpg",
        "source": "commons",
        "rights_holder": "Xing Lida",
        "catalog_number": null,
        "license_id": "CC-BY-4.0",
        "license_name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "requires_attribution": true,
        "share_alike": false,
        "attribution": "Xing Lida (https://www.nature.com/articles/srep18952), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Theropod_courtship.jpg)"
      }
    ],
    "derived_ages": null,
    "references": 86
  },
  "credits_markdown": "## Acrocanthosaurus: Sources & credits\n\n_Scope: confirmed matches only._\n\n### Data\n- **Paleobiology Database** (https://paleobiodb.org): [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Data from the Paleobiology Database (https://paleobiodb.org), licensed CC BY 4.0. Retrieved 4 October 2026, 5 October 2026, 10 October 2026, 11 October 2026.\n- **Natural History Museum Data Portal** (https://data.nhm.ac.uk): [Creative Commons Zero 1.0 (public domain dedication)](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/). Natural History Museum (London) Data Portal, Collection specimens dataset, https://doi.org/10.5519/0002965. Image licenses vary per record. Retrieved 5 October 2026. _Credited as a courtesy: this licence doesn't require attribution._\n- **Wikidata** (https://www.wikidata.org): [Creative Commons Zero 1.0 (public domain dedication)](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/). Data from Wikidata (https://www.wikidata.org), CC0 1.0. Retrieved 10 October 2026. _Credited as a courtesy: this licence doesn't require attribution._\n\n### Images (4)\n- “File:Acroc.jpg” (Taxon image): Ryan Somma (Acrocanthosaurus), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Acroc.jpg). [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/). Shown unmodified (share-alike licence).\n- “File:Acrocanthosaurus atokensis.png” (Taxon image): Petr Menshikov (https://twitter.com/Petr75113553; https://vk.com/prehistoricproduction) (Own work), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Acrocanthosaurus_atokensis.png). [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Shown unmodified (share-alike licence).\n- “File:Acrocanthosaurusskeleton.jpg” (Taxon image): Ryan Somma (Acrocanthosaurus), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Acrocanthosaurusskeleton.jpg). [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/). Shown unmodified (share-alike licence).\n- “File:Theropod courtship.jpg” (Taxon image): Xing Lida (https://www.nature.com/articles/srep18952), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Theropod_courtship.jpg). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n\n### Scientific references\n\n86 published reference(s) support this entry (via the Paleobiology Database).\n",
  "notice": "Omnisaura data combines sources under different licences. Every genus file lists its credits; anyone showing a value must show the credits for it. Images keep their own licences; share-alike images may only be shown unmodified.",
  "fossil_basis": "body",
  "identifiers": [
    {
      "scheme": "pbdb",
      "name": "Paleobiology Database",
      "id": "38597",
      "url": "https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=38597"
    },
    {
      "scheme": "enwiki",
      "name": "Wikipedia (English)",
      "id": "Acrocanthosaurus",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrocanthosaurus"
    },
    {
      "scheme": "gbif",
      "name": "GBIF",
      "id": "4822586",
      "url": "https://www.gbif.org/species/4822586"
    },
    {
      "scheme": "wikidata",
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "id": "Q131021",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131021"
    }
  ],
  "other_names": {
    "species": [
      "Acrocanthosaurus atokensis"
    ],
    "synonyms": []
  },
  "original_description": {
    "citation": "J. W. Stovall, W. Langston, Jr. (1950). Acrocanthosaurus atokensis, a new genus and species of Lower Cretaceous Theropoda from Oklahoma. American Midland Naturalist 43(4): 686–728.",
    "authors": "J. W. Stovall, W. Langston, Jr.",
    "year": 1950,
    "title": "Acrocanthosaurus atokensis, a new genus and species of Lower Cretaceous Theropoda from Oklahoma",
    "publication": "American Midland Naturalist",
    "volume": "43",
    "issue": "4",
    "pages": "686–728",
    "doi": "10.2307/2421859",
    "url": "https://doi.org/10.2307/2421859",
    "what": "The publication the Paleobiology Database gives as the authority for this genus name, usually the one that first named and described it.",
    "confidence": {
      "level": "high",
      "reasons": [
        "PBDB gives this publication for the name; its author and year match the naming authority (Stovall and Langston 1950), on which PBDB and Wikidata agree."
      ]
    },
    "source": "pbdb",
    "source_name": "Paleobiology Database",
    "license_id": "CC-BY-4.0",
    "pbdb_reference_no": "7059"
  },
  "summary": "Omnisaura summary: Acrocanthosaurus, Stovall and Langston 1950\n\n- Named by: Stovall and Langston 1950 (high confidence: PBDB and Wikidata agree).\n- Family: Carcharodontosauridae (medium confidence: only PBDB gives this; nothing contradicts it).\n- Parent group: Carcharodontosauridae (medium confidence: only PBDB gives this; nothing contradicts it).\n- Type species: Acrocanthosaurus atokensis (medium confidence: only PBDB gives this; nothing contradicts it).\n- Age, as published by the Paleobiology Database: Aptian to Cenomanian, 121.4–93.9 million years ago (medium confidence: only PBDB gives this; nothing contradicts it).\n- Age, Omnisaura's own calculation (not a published figure): 121.4–93.9 million years ago (medium confidence: Omnisaura's calculation from 9 confirmed PBDB records).\n- Fossils found in: United States (medium: only PBDB records it (9 records)).\n- Rock formations: Antlers (medium: only PBDB records it (4 records)); Arundel Clay (low: only one PBDB record); Cloverly Formation (low: only one PBDB record); Holly Creek (low: only one PBDB record); Turney Ranch (low: only one PBDB record); Twin Mountains (low: only one PBDB record).\n- Original description: J. W. Stovall, W. Langston, Jr. (1950). Acrocanthosaurus atokensis, a new genus and species of Lower Cretaceous Theropoda from Oklahoma. American Midland Naturalist 43(4): 686–728. https://doi.org/10.2307/2421859 (high confidence: PBDB gives this publication for the name; its author and year match the naming authority (Stovall and Langston 1950), on which PBDB and Wikidata agree).\n- Diet, inferred by PBDB for the group: carnivore (medium confidence: only PBDB gives this, and it infers it for the whole of Theropoda, the group this genus belongs to, not from this genus's own fossils).\n- Way of life, inferred by PBDB for the group: ground dwelling, solitary (low confidence: PBDB infers this way of life for the whole of Theropoda; behaviour is rarely known for one genus).\n- Common names: アクロカントサウルス, 高棘龍 (medium confidence: only Wikidata gives this; nothing contradicts it).\n\nNot known or disputed:\n- Order: no source Omnisaura uses gives this.\n- Named after: no source Omnisaura uses gives this.\n- 5 record(s) left out: pBDB fossil records identified only tentatively (for example 'cf.', '?', or the genus name in quotation marks, PBDB's mark for a loose use).\n\nNot covered by Omnisaura: size, weight, appearance, or behaviour beyond the way of life PBDB infers for the group. Do not fill these in from general knowledge as if they came from Omnisaura.\n\nCredits (must be shown with any of this): Natural History Museum Data Portal (CC0-1.0); Paleobiology Database (CC-BY-4.0); Wikidata (CC0-1.0)."
}